PEH

• Mountaineering


  An act of trekking and climbing mountains
• History of Mountains


  1. Early Exploration (Ancient Times - 18th Century)

  2. Golden Age of Alpinism (19th Century)

  3. Exploration and Expeditions (Early 20th Century)

  4. Post-War Era and Commercialization (Mid-20th Century)

  5. Modern Mountaineering (Late 20th Century Present)
• Early Exploration (Ancient Times - 18th Century)


  • Ancient civilizations such as the Greeks, Roman, and Incas revered mountains as sacred places
  • Systematic exploration of mountains began in the 18th century with the European Age of Enlightenment
• Golden Age of Alpinism (19th Century)


  • Surge in mountaineering activity, particularly in the European Alps
  • Witnessed the first ascents of many iconic peaks, including Mont Blanc in 1786 and the Matterhorn in 1865
  • Edward Whymper, John Tyndall, and Albert Smith popularized mountaineering
• Exploration and Expeditions (Early 20th Century)


  • To explore and conquer the world's highest peaks, including the Himalayas and the Andes
  • Successful ascent in 1953 by Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay
• Post-War Era and Commercialization (Mid-20th Century)


  • Mountaineering became popular
  • Advancements in equipment and transportation
  • The sport was accessible to the public
  • Concerns about the commercialization of mountaineering and its impact on the environment
• Modern Mountaineering (Late 20th Century Present)


  • Mountaineering has diversified: rock, ice, and expedition climbing
  • Advances in technology have led to safer equipment and more efficient techniques
• Types of Mountaineering


  • Alpine Mountaineering
  • Rock Climbing
  • Ice Climbing
  • Expedition Climbing
  • Bouldering
  • Sport Climbing
  • Traditional Climbing
  • Big Wall Climbing
  • Scrambling
  • Via Ferrata
• Essentials of Gear in Mountaineering


  • Mountaineering Boots
  • Crampons
  • Ice Axes
  • Helmet
  • Climbing Harness
  • Ropes, Slings, and Carabiners
  • Clothing Layer
  • Gloves
  • Navigation Tools
  • Pack
• Mountaineering Boots


  Sturdy, waterproof boots with rigid soles for support and crampon compatibility
• Crampons


  Metal spikes that attach to boots to provide traction on ice and hard-packed snow
• Ice Axes


  Used for self-arresting in case of a fall
• Clothing Layer


  • Base Layer: Moisture-wicking and breathable to keep you dry and comfortable
  • Insulating Layer: Provides warmth in cold conditions, such as a fleece jacket or down sweater
  • Shell Layer: Waterproof and windproof to protect against rain, snow, and wind
• Tips for Mountaineering Beginners


  • Start with basic hikes
  • Get proper training
  • Invest in quality gear
  • Learn navigation skills
  • Understand the risks
  • Start with easy climbs
  • Stay physically fit
  • Practice proper safety protocols
  • Check the weather forecast
  • Respect the environment
• Seven Highest Mountains in the World


  • Mount Everest, Himalayas, Nepal/Tibet Autonomous Region, China
  • K2, Karakoram, Pakistan/China
  • Kangchenjunga, Himalayas, Nepal/India
  • Lhotse, Himalayas, Nepal/Tibet Autonomous Region, China
  • Makalu, Himalayas, Nepal/Tibet Autonomous Region, China
  • Cho Oyu, Himalayas, Nepal/Tibet, Autonomous Region, China
  • Dhaulagiri, Nepal
• Top 10 Mountains in the Philippines


  • Mt. Apo, Davao and North Cotabato (2,956 m)
  • Mt. Dulang-Dulang, Kitanglad Range, Bukidnon (2,938 m)
  • Mt. Pulag, Cordillera Range, Benguet (2,922 m)
  • Mt. Kitanglad, Kitanglad Range, Bukidnon (2,860 m)
  • Mt. Kalatungan, Kalatungan Range, Bukidnon (2,860 m)
  • Mt. Tabayoc, Cordillera Range, Benguet (2,842 m)
  • Mt. Ragang, Piapayungan Range, Lanao del Sur (2,815 m)
  • Mt. Maagnaw, Kitanglad Range, Bukidnon (2,742 m)
  • Mt. Singakalsa (Timbak), Cordillera Range, Benguet (2,717 m)
  • Mt. Amuyao, Cordillera Range, Mt. Province (2,702 m)