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Biology
B3 - Infection and Response
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Cards (69)
define 'pathogens'
microorganisms
that cause
disease
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what are diseases that pathogens cause known as?
communicable
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who do communicable diseases affect?
animals
and
plants
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how do communicable diseases spread?
air
contaminated
food
/
water
direct
contact
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how are diseases passed through air?
the
air
carries droplets from
coughs
or sneezes
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can we prevent the spread?
hygiene
destroying vectors
vaccination
isolating
/
quarantine
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how can people keep good hygiene?
washing hands
cleaning
cookery
items
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how
do viruses replicate themselves?
by using your cell's own
machinery
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how do viruses release these new replicated copies of themselves?
by
bursting
the cell
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why
do viruses make us feel ill?
because when they
burst
our cells, that's
damaging
our bodies
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how is measles spread?
infected people coughing
/
sneezing
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what are the symptoms of mealses?
rash
fever
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why is measles not really a problem in the UK?
many people are
vaccinated
against it
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how
is HIV spread?
sexual contact
exchanging bodily fluids (e.g. sharing a
needle
)
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what
are the symptoms of HIV?
firstly flu
like symptoms
then they feel
better
, thinking everything's fine
however, in their body, the viruses are doing lots of
damage
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what
does HIV do that's bad?
make's your
immune system
so
weak
that you get unusual infections (at this point, it's AIDS)
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how can HIV be treated?
antiretroviral drugs can stop the virus
replicating
, if it's taken
early
on
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what are bacteria?
Single-celled organisms
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why do bacteria often replicate rapidly in our bodies?
due to the
good food supply
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how do bacteria make us feel ill?
ay producing
toxins
that
damage
our cells and tissues
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how
is salmonella caught?
by
eating
food that's been
contaminated
with bacteria
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what
are the symptoms of salmonella?
fever
stomach
cramps
diarrhea
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how is
gonorrhea spread
?
sexual contact
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what
are the symptoms of gonorrhea?
pain
when
urinating
thick,
yellow discharge
from the vagina /
penis
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how can gonorrhea be prevented?
avoiding
unsafe sex
using
contraception
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how can
gonorrhea
be
treated
?
used to be treated by
penicillin
many
strains
have become
resistant
therefore have to use
rarer
, and
more expensive anitbiotics
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what is fungi?
eukaryotic organisms and can either be
unicellular
or
multicellular.
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what are 'hyphae'?
thread
like structures that
multicellular fungi have.
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where can hyphae spread across?
plants
, or penetrate human skin, causing
disease
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what
are protists?
eukaryotes
can either be
unicellular
or
multicellular
(
mostly single celled
)
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what
are parasites?
protists that live on or inside other
organisms
, at the other organism's
expense
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how are protists transported?
by
vectors
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what is malaria caused by?
parasitic
protists
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what does malaria need in order to survive?
a
host
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how is malaria transported?
by
mosquitos
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what are the symptoms of malaria?
fever
headaches
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how is malaria prevented?
by destroying
breeding
sites of
mosquitos
, or just killing them
can use
mosquito
nets/
repellant
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what
are the barriers our bodies have to stop pathogens from causing infection?
skin
nose
trachea
stomach acid
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how does skin act as a barrier?
secretes oil
, which kills
pathogens
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how does our nose act as a pathogen?
hairs and mucus trap
pathogens
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