B3 - Infection and Response

    Cards (69)

    • define 'pathogens'
      microorganisms that cause disease
    • what are diseases that pathogens cause known as?
      communicable
    • who do communicable diseases affect?
      animals and plants
    • how do communicable diseases spread?
      air
      contaminated food/water
      direct contact
    • how are diseases passed through air?
      the air carries droplets from coughs or sneezes
    • can we prevent the spread?
      hygiene
      destroying vectors
      vaccination
      isolating/quarantine
    • how can people keep good hygiene?
      washing hands
      cleaning cookery items
    • how do viruses replicate themselves?

      by using your cell's own machinery
    • how do viruses release these new replicated copies of themselves?
      by bursting the cell
    • why do viruses make us feel ill?

      because when they burst our cells, that's damaging our bodies
    • how is measles spread?
      infected people coughing/sneezing
    • what are the symptoms of mealses?
      rash
      fever
    • why is measles not really a problem in the UK?
      many people are vaccinated against it
    • how is HIV spread?

      sexual contact
      exchanging bodily fluids (e.g. sharing a needle)
    • what are the symptoms of HIV?

      firstly flu like symptoms
      then they feel better, thinking everything's fine
      however, in their body, the viruses are doing lots of damage
    • what does HIV do that's bad?

      make's your immune system so weak that you get unusual infections (at this point, it's AIDS)
    • how can HIV be treated?
      antiretroviral drugs can stop the virus replicating, if it's taken early on
    • what are bacteria?
      Single-celled organisms
    • why do bacteria often replicate rapidly in our bodies?
      due to the good food supply
    • how do bacteria make us feel ill?
      ay producing toxins that damage our cells and tissues
    • how is salmonella caught?

      by eating food that's been contaminated with bacteria
    • what are the symptoms of salmonella?

      fever
      stomach cramps
      diarrhea
    • how is gonorrhea spread?

      sexual contact
    • what are the symptoms of gonorrhea?

      pain when urinating
      thick, yellow discharge from the vagina / penis
    • how can gonorrhea be prevented?
      avoiding unsafe sex
      using contraception
    • how can gonorrhea be treated?

      used to be treated by penicillin
      many strains have become resistant
      therefore have to use rarer, and more expensive anitbiotics
    • what is fungi?
      eukaryotic organisms and can either be unicellular or multicellular.
    • what are 'hyphae'?
      thread like structures that multicellular fungi have.
    • where can hyphae spread across?
      plants, or penetrate human skin, causing disease
    • what are protists?

      eukaryotes
      can either be unicellular or multicellular
      (mostly single celled)
    • what are parasites?

      protists that live on or inside other organisms, at the other organism's expense
    • how are protists transported?
      by vectors
    • what is malaria caused by?
      parasitic protists
    • what does malaria need in order to survive?
      a host
    • how is malaria transported?
      by mosquitos
    • what are the symptoms of malaria?
      fever
      headaches
    • how is malaria prevented?
      by destroying breeding sites of mosquitos, or just killing them
      can use mosquito nets/repellant
    • what are the barriers our bodies have to stop pathogens from causing infection?

      skin
      nose
      trachea
      stomach acid
    • how does skin act as a barrier?
      secretes oil, which kills pathogens
    • how does our nose act as a pathogen?
      hairs and mucus trap pathogens