21ST

• is considered the foundation of the disciplines and philosophy of the modern world.

  Ancient Literature and Medieval Literature
• was mostly influenced by Greco-Roman culture, which became the basis for the Western literature that we know today

  ancient period
• ⚬The Greeks introduced all major kinds of literature:

  tragedy, comedy, epic, history, biography, prose narrative, lyric, and satire
• which means “renown” or “glory.

  kleos
• major Greek writers during ancient period

  Aesop, Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, and Sophocles
• major Roman writers of ancient period were

  Horace, Virgil, and Ovid
• This period marked the emergence of three dominant cultures: Christianity, Islam, and the Germanic invaders

  Medieval Period
• The hero and main character of this epic poem

  Beowulf
• The trusty sidekick to Beowulf

  Wiglaf
• King of the Danes before Beowulf

  Danish King Hrothgar
• Also known as the monster or Beowulf monster

  Grendel
• Mother of Grendel and a far more powerful monster.

  Grendel's Mother
• The emergence of the Renaissance and the Age of Enlightenment became the foundation of seeing literature in an intellectual perspective

  Renaissance and Enlightenment
• Classical scholars

  humanists
• the belief that people could attain earthly perfection, was rampant among the intellectuals

  Humanism
• one of the greatest struggles of artists and writers was the need to earn and sustain themselves through their craft. Talented and creative individuals sustained themselves through the system of patronage

  Renaissance Period
• people who lavished money and attention on artists who cater to their taste.

  Patrons
• invented by Johannes Gutenberg in 1440,

  printing press
• This period was a byproduct of the Renaissance that birthed humanism

  The Age of Enlightenment
• examples of Renaissance and Enlightenment


  Much Ado About Nothing - william shakespeare

  Paradise Lost - John Milton

  Gulliver’s Travels - Jonathan swift
• This was considered as one of Shakespeare’s best comedies

  Much Ado About Nothing
• This is an epic poem about the Fall of Man

  Paradise Lost
• Gulliver traveled on four separate voyages and encountered different types of societies each time

  Gulliver’s Travels
• • movement against the aristocratic culture that started in the late 18th century.
  • uplifts the characters from humble backgrounds or the common man and places importance on imagination and emotion.

  Romanticism Period
• during the Romantic period focused more on feelings as the central idea and experience as it is considered as “the language of the heart.”


  poetry
• • was the representation of reality
  • draws on the commonplace and the daily struggles of the common man.
  • It focuses on documenting the real events and issues that happen to ordinary people. It also makes people realize that ordinary life could also be meaningful

  Realism
• Literature during the Romanticism and Realism Period


  Debit and Credit - Gustav Freytag

  The World Is Too Much With Us - William Wordsworth
• • This period was marked by sudden changes in man’s perspective of the world
  • challenged the prevailing order during its time and focused on experimentation while selfconsciously breaking away from traditional forms.

  Modernism Period
• refers to the literary movement that focused on clarity

  and conciseness by using specific images

  Imagism
• a technique in which a character’s thoughts and feelings are written in an uninterrupted flow, for example, foregoing literary devices such as description and dialogue

  Stream of consciousness
• • The unreliable narrator is either deliberately deceptive or unintentionally misguided, forcing the reader to question their credibility as a storyteller

  An unreliable narrator
• • shows a crisis of identity of the human being in ethnicity and sexuality, as well as the struggle for social and cultural acceptance in a hypocritical society
  • it juxtaposes the old and the new to contextualize it in the readers’ minds

  Postmodernism Period
• Literary works during the Modern and Postmodern periods


  In a Station of the Metro - Ezra Pound

  Waiting for Godot - Samuel Beckett
• • spans from around 600 to 1200 AD
  • It was the soulful and practical expressions of a people who struggled, lost, and triumphed over and against neighboring invaders and warring factions.

  Old English
• • It encompasses Anglo-Saxon written and spoken works from ancient lands of what is now known as The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
  • Old English literature also includes Anglo-Latin works.


  Old English Literature
• Was a monk who wrote the ecclesiastical history of England

  VENERABLE BEDE
• Father of the English (Old English) language.

  ALFRED THE GREAT
• schools and monasteries were founded

  ST. AUGUSTINE
• defeated the AngloSaxon king Harold Godwinson.


  WILLIAM THE DUKE OF NORMANDY
• OLD ENGLISH POETRY SURVIVED THROUGH THESE FOUR (4) MANUSCRIPTS,


  THE BEOWULF, THE EXETER Book, THE JUNIUS OR CAEDMON MANUSCRIPT, THE VERCELLI BOOK