monoclonal antibody

• Monoclonal Antibodies aren't only used by the immune system-scientists have engineered them for
• Monoclonal Antibodies

  Identical Antibodies
• Antibodies

  Produced by B-lymphocytes
• Monoclonal antibodies

  A type of white blood cell produced from lots of clones of a single white blood cell
• All the monoclonal antibodies are identical and will only target one specific protein antigen
• Lymphocytes don't divide very easily
• Tumour cells don't produce antibodies but divide a lot
• Creating monoclonal antibodies

  1. Mouse injected with chosen antigen

  2. B-lymphocytes taken from mouse

  3. Fuse mouse B-lymphocyte with tumour cell to create hybridoma

  4. Clone hybridoma cells to get lots of identical cells

  5. Collect and purify the antibodies
• Monoclonal antibodies

  Can be made to bind to anything, e.g. an antigen that's only found on the surface of one type of cell
• Monoclonal antibodies

  • They will only bind to (target) this molecule, which means you can use them to target a specific cell or chemical in the body
• Use of monoclonal antibodies

  • Pregnancy tests
• How pregnancy tests work

  1. Hormone called HCG is found in urine when pregnant

  2. Antibody stuck to blue bead on test strip

  3. If HCG present, antibody binds and makes a blue line
• Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma cells, which are fused with myeloma cells to create immortalized B-cell lines.
• The process involves the fusion of spleen cells from an animal that has been exposed to antigen with myeloma cells using polyethylene glycol (PEG).
• The process involves the fusion of spleen or lymph node cells from an animal that has been exposed to an antigen (immunization) with myeloma cells using polyethylene glycol as a fusogenic agent.
• Fusion occurs due to the formation of pores between the two cells caused by PEG.
• The process involves injecting mice with an antigen, isolating B-cells, fusing them with myeloma cells, selecting clones, and producing large quantities of monoclonal antibodies using bioreactors.
• Antigens are proteins or other substances that trigger an immune response.
• Antibodies produced by hybridomas have identical amino acid sequences and are referred to as "monoclonals".
• Hybridomas are selected based on their ability to produce large amounts of monoclonal antibodies against the desired antigen.
• Hybridomas are selected based on their ability to produce large amounts of antibodies against the desired antigen.
• Cancer treatment - Monoclonal antibodies can be used to treat cancer by binding to specific proteins on the surface of cancerous cells, making it easier for immune system to destroy them.
• Monoclonal antibodies have various applications such as cancer treatment, diagnosis, and research tools.
• Hybridomas are selected based on their ability to produce specific antibodies against the desired target molecule.
• Hybridomas are selected based on their ability to produce specific antibodies against the desired target molecule.
• Hybridomas are selected based on their ability to produce specific antibodies against the desired target molecule.
• Antigens can be proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides, etc., but they must have some structural similarity to the original antigen used during immunization.
• Hybridomas can produce unlimited amounts of identical antibodies through cell culture techniques.
• Hybridomas can produce unlimited amounts of identical antibodies through cell culture techniques.
• Monoclonal antibodies can be used for various purposes such as cancer treatment, diagnosis, and research.
• Monoclonal antibodies can be used for various purposes such as cancer treatment, diagnosis, and research.
• Monoclonal antibodies can be used for various purposes such as cancer treatment, diagnosis, and research.
• Antigens are molecules that stimulate an immune response, while epitopes are specific regions of these molecules recognized by antibodies.
• Antigens are molecules that stimulate an immune response, while epitopes are specific regions of these molecules recognized by antibodies.
• Antigens are molecules that stimulate an immune response, while epitopes are specific regions of these molecules recognized by antibodies.
• Once a suitable hybridoma cell line is identified, it is cloned through limiting dilution to obtain pure populations of identical cells producing the same antibody.
• Once a suitable hybridoma cell line is identified, it is cloned through limiting dilution to obtain pure populations of identical cells producing the same antibody.
• Hybridomas are cell lines derived from the fusion of immortalized tumor cells called myeloma cells with normal B-cells.
• Hybridomas are cell lines derived from the fusion of immortalized tumor cells called myeloma cells with normal B-cells.
• Hybridomas are cell lines derived from the fusion of B-cells with immortalized plasma cells called myeloma cells.