class (external factors)

• cultural deprivation


  lack of values, attitudes and skills needed for educational success
• Bernstein's speech codes


  the restricted code

  the elaborated code
• Bernstein's restricted code


  working class language with a limited vocabulary, is predictable and involves simple words or gestures and is context bound (assumes the listener understands the context)
• Bernstein's elaborated code


  middle class, wider vocabulary, based on grammatically complex sentences with abstract ideas and does not assume the listener is aware of the context
• Sugarman's features of working class subcultures


  -fatalism

  -collectivism

  -immediate gratification

  -present-time orientation
• Keddie - Myth of cultural deprivation


  victim-blaming - a child cannot be deprived of their own culture, but instead is simply culturally different from middle class values
• Howard - housing


  young people from poorer homes have lower intake of energy, vitamins and mineral
• Bourdieu's 3 types of capital


  economic, cultural, social capital
• cultural capital


  attitudes, values and tastes of the middle class which is favoured by education
• Sullivan's survey


  survey of 465 pupils in 4 different schools and found that those who read complex fiction and watched documentaries developed a wider vocabulary and cultural knowledge were all children of graduates