2.1

• Border States


  Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri (divided loyalties)

  Maryland: finely balanced; stayed by choice of fed govt

  -Baltimore riot: pro sec mob attacked Northern troops

  -suspended HABEAS CORPUS + key routes in Maryland, allowing North to imprison key politicians/newspaper editors

  Delaware: 90% black population free, narrowly voted to stay

  Kentucky: tried to declare neutrality

  -Linc said key to keeping (would loose Missouri) BOTH stay

  Key Reasons for border states NOT joining CSA

  -presence of US armed forces

  -Linc acting more quickly and decisively than Davis
• Naval Blockade


  Lincoln needed to stop CSA international trade (esp w Britain main market southern cotton)

  -closing ports: effective but provocative

  -blocking ports: less effect, acceptable under international law

  Davis officials failed to persuade Britain to recognize CSA as sovereign state & provide financial/diplomatic support:

  -wouldnt sign treaties, send/accept ambassadors

  -accpeted US blockade

  -remained neutral throughout war

  Northern success, South lost more than North, w blockade90% CSA trade stopped
• CSA Early Strategies, 1861-63


  -CSA adopted a 'perimeter' or cordon strat' defend boundaries

  -abandoned for 'offensive defensive strat': defend US attacks, take offensive whenever possible
• North Strategies: Anaconda Plan

  made by Winfield Scott

  -naval blockade: damage Souths economy, prevent from resupplying

  -limited military action: gain control of Mississippi RIVER, key north-south route, cutting south in 2 (eventually worked)

  Background idea: assultes minimized, post-war reconciliation easier
• Robert E Lee


  offered commands by both sides, once Virginia seceded, accepted CSA

  -won 7 days battle, led into Maryland

  -stopped at Battle of ANTIETAM (retreated)

  -McClellan failed to follow up and advanced them (Lincoln replaced)
• Ulysses S Grant 


  western commander; aggressive, decisive, successful

  -Lincoln gained overall command of union army

  Battle of SHILOH: convinced Grant only way to win war was through complete conquest at consequence of Southern civilians
• William Tecumseh Sherman


  Grants commander in Georgia/SC

  -persued idea of total war

  SCORCHED earth: Phillip Sheridan destroyed farm buildings, equipment, crops/animals, RR
• Norths Strengths

  -manufacturing/factory

  -superior navy

  -3/4 natons wealth, RR (transportation)

  -LARGER population/workforce

  -Lincoln (wages war, telegraphs)

  
  

  *began as an offensive war, but after loses decided to fight southern PEOPLE and weaken SUPPLIES (decline food/land) rather than army
• Norths Weakness

  -not fighting on own land (maintain communication in South)

  -riots in North

  -OFFENSIVE fighting

  -weaker generals (poorly served by Scott/McClellan)

  -lost more men

  -needed public support to continue war/win re-elec

  
  

  slow to:

  -mobilize resources/find best military leaders

  -appreciate potential contribution of slaves to war effort
• Souths Strengths

  -PURPOSE (own rights) in threat

  -better military leaders/strategy (Lee indirect battle; march into North Antietam; logistical benefit)

  -fight on own land

  -fight to a draw (defensive)
• Souths Weaknesses

  -king cotton: reliance on English/France (foreign aid)

  -weak economy/no manufacturing (+shortage of supplies/inflation)

  -no transportation sys

  -couldnt make use of slave population

  -lower population (deaths impact more)

  -Jefferson Davis (not as quick and strategic as Lincoln)

  -no established navy, govt structure (Confederacy)

  
  

  *FAILED to understand centrality of economy and finance to success in war

  -internal divisions: systemic conflict betw state/confed govts
• Different Aims


  USA: committed to maintenance of Union

  -aggressive action to retake South

  CSA: committed to secession, prevent invasion
• War Finance

  STEPS:

  -imposed new taxes (not too high to stop paying)

  -sold bonds

  -circulated paper money (not balanced by gold/silver increased inflation)

  North: introduced income tax (1862 Revenue Act)

  -created Bureau Internation Revenue collect domestic taxes direct/indirect

  -raised MORE in taxes than south (storage/distribution complex South)

  South: lacked tax base/resources to support borrowing

  -printing money: south inflation w greybacks
• Impact Foreign Involvement (France/Britain)

  North: high tariffs (protect manuf ag Britain)

  South: low tariffs (encouraged trade cotton)

  -CSS Alabama damage US commercial/shipping

  Trent Affair: saved 2 confed diplomats ships RMS Trent (blockade runners)

  Brit/France considered political intervention by offering MEDIATION to both sides

  -Napoleon proposed Anglo-French intervention, couldn't persuade Brit

  -idea of involving Russia refused, but sent to North welcomed as warning NOT to intervene
• War Ends


  Lee surrendered to Grant Appomattox Courthouse April 9, 1865

  -5 days after, Linc assassinated = VP Andrew Johnson

  -Jefferson Davis captured imprisoned 2 yrs, pardoned by Johnson