4th Quarter Periodical

• When air is heated it rises
• Cold air replaces the warm air that has risen.
• Wind moves horizontally
• Land - heats up faster during the day and cools down faster at night.
• Sea - takes longer to heat up but also takes longer to cool down.
• Sea Breeze -

  • During Day
  • From Sea to Land
• Land Breeze -

  • During night
  • From land to sea
• Monsoons - wind systems that involve bigger masses of air and have abundant rainfall
• Amihan - Northeast Moonson
• Habagat - Southeast Moonson
• Low Pressure Area - Warm Air Rises
• High Pressure Area - Cold Air Sinks
• In High Pressure Area wind moves away clockwise
• In Low Pressure Area wind moves towards the center counterclockwise
• Northeast Monsoon (Amihan)

  • China, Serbia (High Pressure Area)
  • South Indian Ocean/Australian Continent
  • Dry and Cool wind
  • Slight to moderate rainfall
  • Nov-Apr
  • Wind comes from Northeast
• Southwest Monsoon (Habagat)

  • South Indian Ocean/Australian Continent (High Pressure Area)
  • China and Siberia (Low Pressure Area)
  • Wind comes from Southwest
  • warm and moist wind
  • moderate to heavy rainfall
  • June-Oct
• Wind moves from High Pressure to Low Pressure Area
• Both monsoons bring rain because they pass over bodies of water.
• Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

  • The place where trade winds from the Northern and Southern Hemisphere meet, at or near the equator.
  • Where warm and humid air masses form
  • Breeding zones of Low Pressure Area
• Latitudes


  Horizontal imaginary lines that run from east to west on a map or globe
• Equator


  A latitude that divides the Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres
• Northern Hemisphere


  • Above the Equator up to the North Pole
  • 90° up
• Southern Hemisphere


  • Below the Equator down to the South Pole
  • 90° down
• Longitudes


  Vertical imaginary lines that extend from pole to pole on a map or globe
• Prime Meridian


  0° longitude, divides the Earth into Western and Eastern Hemispheres
• Western Hemisphere


  Prime Meridian -> 180° to the left
• Eastern Hemisphere


  Prime Meridian -> 180° to the right
• Coordinate system


  Arrangement of reference lines on the globe
• Coordinate system


  • Latitude
  • Longitude
• Latitude


  90° (from Equator)
• Longitude


  180° (from Prime Meridian)
• The Philippines is located between the Asian Continent, the Malay Peninsula, and the Indonesian Archipelago
• The Philippines is surrounded by the South China Sea, Pacific Ocean, and Indian Ocean
• Earth's Resources


  • Renewable (sunlight, water, air)
  • Non-renewable (cannot be replaced)
• The Philippines is an archipelago
• Watershed


  Area of land on a slope which drains its waters into a stream and its tributaries
• Water resources affect biodiversity
• Troposphere


  • Closest to Earth's surface, extends about 12 km (7.5 miles) high
  • Contains ~75% of air in atmosphere
  • Contains almost all water vapor which forms clouds and rain
  • Tropos means change
  • Weather is constantly changing
  • between 8 and 14 km thick (5 and 9 miles)
  • Weather happnes, because it contains most of the water vapour , this is often where the air motion is set by the properties of the surface.
  • Aircraft flying in this are may have a bumpy ride (turbulence)
• Composition of Troposphere


  • 78.0% Nitrogen
  • 21.0% Oxygen
  • 1.0% Other gases (Ar, CO2, Water Vapor etc.)
• Stratosphere


  • Has its own set of layers
  • Boundary between Troposphere and Stratosphere is the Tropopause
  • extends to about 50 km from Earth's surface.
  • Ozone is found here
  • The increase in temperature with height occurs due to absorption of Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun
  • Temperatures within here are highest over the summer pole
  • Ozone protects us from carcinoma and other health damage by absorbing dangerous UV radiation
  • Dry, rare clouds
  • Ozone absorbs UV from Sun then heats up