C2

• Fullerenes


  Tiny tubes and spheres made of carbon
• Fullerenes


  • Tubes (nanotubes)
  • Spheres (buckminsterfullerene)
• Nanotubes


  • Used in nanotechnology and electronics
  • Can conduct electricity
  • Can strengthen other materials due to high length to diameter ratio
• Buckminsterfullerene


  • Hollow sphere made of 60 carbon atoms
• Metallic bonding


  The type of bonding you get between metal atoms
• Nanotechnology


  Technology that uses tiny structures like fullerenes
• Metallic bonding


  • Gives rise to the characteristic properties of metals
• Nanotechnology is used in many industries including medicine, batteries, food, and fashion
• Metals bond to non-metals through ionic bonding
• Fullerenes are allotropes of carbon with hollow shapes like spheres or tubes
• Non-metals bond to other non-metals through covalent bonding
• Fullerenes are used for all sorts of things
• Metallic bonding


  Metals bond to other metals
• Metallic bonding


  1. Atoms give up their outer shell electrons

  2. Electrons become delocalized

  3. Strong electrostatic attraction between positive ions and negative electrons

  4. Holds everything together in a regular structure
• Metallic bonding


  • Gives metals strength and high melting/boiling points
  • Metals are good conductors of electricity and heat
  • Metals are malleable
• Alloy


  Contains two or more different elements, either by mixing together two different metals or a metal and a non-metal
• Nanoparticles


  Tiny particles with a diameter between 1 nanometer and 100 nanometers
• Alloys


  • Combination of different sized atoms disrupts the metal's regular structure
  • Layers can no longer slide over one another
  • Alloy is much harder than pure metal
• Nanoparticles


  • They have a very large surface area to volume ratio
  • Their surface area is more important than their volume for many uses
• Alloy


  • Steel (mostly iron, also contains 1-2% carbon, sometimes chromium, manganese or vanadium)
• Uses of nanoparticles


  • As catalysts to speed up chemical reactions
  • In nanomedicine to deliver drugs
  • In tiny electrical circuits due to their ability to conduct electricity
  • In surgical masks and wound dressings for their antibacterial properties
• Nanotechnology is still relatively new and its effects on the body are not fully understood
• There is no evidence that nanoparticles can cause harm, but until they are tested more thoroughly, we cannot be sure
• Some people think nanoparticles need to be more strictly regulated and clearly labelled
• Nanoparticles used in sunscreens


  They provide better skin coverage and protection against UV rays
• It is unclear if nanoparticles in sunscreens can get into the body and whether they could be damaging
• We don't know what happens to nanoparticles when they get washed into the sea, and it's possible they could be damaging the environment
• Chemical analysis


  Also known as analytical chemistry, it is about the instruments and methods used to separate, identify and quantify different substances
• Examples of chemical analysis techniques


  1. Paper chromatography for separating different pigments

  2. Filtration and crystallization to isolate solids from liquids

  3. Distillation to separate out different liquids
• Chemical tests


  To identify common gases
• Pure substance


  Contains only one type of compound or element, not mixed with anything else
• Pure substances


  • Pure water
  • Pure sodium chloride
• Impure substance


  Mixture of two or more compounds or elements
• Separating soluble and insoluble solids from liquids

  1. Filtration

  2. Evaporation

  3. Crystallization
• Impure substance


  • Salt water
• Pure substances


  Melt and boil at specific temperatures
• Mixture


  Liquid and insoluble solid
• Impure substances


  Melt and boil over a range of temperatures
• Impurities in a sample


  Lower the melting point but increase the boiling point
• Solution


  Liquid and soluble solid (solute) with water as the solvent