Science Term Exam Coverage

• Microorganisms cannot be seen by the naked eye
• Microorganisms can only be seen through a microscope
• Microorganisms are diverse in structure and their role in the environment
• Taxonomy


  Organizing living organisms in categories
• Classifies organisms


  According to their form, structure, and shared traits
• Binomial nomenclature


  Two name system that consists of genus and species (ex. Homo sapien)
• Genus


  Capitalized, underline (handwritten) Italics (type written)
• Three domains


  • eukarya, archaea, bacteria
• Six kingdoms


  • eubacteria
  • archaebacteria
  • protista
  • fungi
  • plantae
  • animalia
• Phylum


  • Organisms based on shared morphological features and/or shared ancestry
  • Porifera, Cnidaria, Arthropoda, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Platyhelminthes, Echinodermata, and Chordata (under kingdom animalia)
• Morphological features


  Shape, structure, color, pattern, and size of the exterior parts
• Classes under Chordata


  • fish 🐡, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
• Protists


  • One of the four kingdoms in Eukarya
  • Have nucleus, cell membrane, organelles, and cell wall
  • Some are unicellular organisms that are abundant in soil, freshwater, brackish, and marine environments (ex. Amoebas and paramecia)
  • Some are multicellular organisms
  • Autotrophic (photosynthesis)
  • Some are heterotrophic
• Bacteria


  • Smaller than microscopic fungi and cells of plants
  • Prokaryotic
  • Lack of nucleus and organelles
  • Has cell wall and cell membrane
  • Unicellular
  • Heterotrophic and autotrophic
• Types of bacteria


  • coccus (spherical bacterium)
  • bacillus (rod-shaped bacterium)
  • spirillum (spiral or coiled-shaped bacterium)
• Bacteria


  • E.coli
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Lactobacillus acidophillus
• Fungi


  • One of four kingdoms of eukarya
  • Have nucleus, cell wall, cell membrane, and organelles
  • Cell wall made of chitin
  • Multicellular (sometimes unicellular) organisms
  • Heterotrophic
  • Secretes digestive enzymes into the environment
  • Absorbs nutrients
• Fungi


  • Penicillium chrysogenum
  • Dermatophyte fungi
• Plantae


  • One of the four kingdoms of Eukarya
  • Have nucleus, organelle, cell members and cell wall
  • Cell wall made of cellulose
  • Multicellular
  • Live on land or underwater
  • Autotrophic by photosynthesis
• Benefits of plants


  • Oxygen production
  • Food source
  • Creates habitats for animals
  • Medicine
  • Helps regulate climate, prevents soil erosion, and filter pollutants from the air and water
• Plant diseases


  • Poisonous plants (poison oak, nightshade)
  • Allergic reactions (pollen allergy)
• Animalia


  • Fourth kingdom of eukaryotes
  • Have nucleus, cell membrane, and organelles
  • Multicellular
  • Heterotrophic
  • 2 types: Vertebrates (backbone) and Invertebrates (no backbone)
• Benefits of animals


  • Food source
  • Helps pollinate plants, enabling fruit and see production
• Animal diseases


  • Rabies
  • Lyme disease
  • Malaria
  • Bird flu
  • Ringworm
• Virus


  • Lack the characteristics that can be attributed to living things
  • Can be considered marginal organisms - they are living when they come in contact with a living thing
  • In form of crystals of various shapes: Icosahedral, Enveloped, Helical
  • More complex structure
• Centrioles


  Barrel-shaped, organizing microtubules that serve as the cell's skeletal system, goes to the centrosome
• Chromatin


  Spaghetti-shaped, genetic material made up of DNA which result in the formation of chromosomes
• Humans naturally have 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs of chromosomes
• Haploid


  n, 23 pairs of chromosomes, 1 set of chromosomes, formed by meiosis, ex. gametes (sperm and egg cells)
• Diploid


  2n, 46 pairs of chromosomes, 2 sets of chromosomes, reproduce only be mitosis, ex. somatic cells
• Cell cycle


  The sequence events that occurs in the life of a cell
• Cell cycle (mitosis)


  • Interphase (G1, S phase, G2)
  • M phase (cell division)
• Mitosis


  1. Prophase

  2. Metaphase

  3. Anaphase

  4. Telophase

  5. Cytokinesis
• Function of mitosis


  • Reason for our growth and development
  • Tissue repair and maintenance
  • Genetic material is replicated and distributed to daughter cells
  • Involved in healing wounds
• Kinetochore


  Large protein assemblies that connect chromosomes to microtubules of the mitotic and meiotic spindles in order to distribute the replicated genome from a mother cell to its daughter
• Synapsis/Syzygy


  Pairing of two homologous chromosomes that occur during meiosis
• Tetrad


  When two homologous chromosomes pair up together
• Crossing over


  Sharing a segment from each homologous chromosome, ensure different gene combination
• Chiasmata


  Site of crossing over
• Meiosis


  1. Meiosis I (Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I)

  2. Meiosis II (Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II)