Paper 1 Key Sociologists

• Willis (Education)

  • Marxist
  • School is not a successful agent of social control
  • Lads and Ear'oles
  • Anti-school subcultures among the working class
• Parsons (Education)

  • Functionalist
  • School is a bridge between family and society
  • Meritocracy
  • Universalistic Standards / Value Consensus

  *Marxists are critical - only reflects ruling class, equality opportunity is an illusion in an unequal society
• Halsey, Heath and Ridge (Education)

  • No perspective
  • Sample of 8000 males born between 1913-1952
  • Service class were more likely to stay in school and go to university
  • Service class, intermediate class and working class

  *Feminists are critical - excluded women
• Durkheim (Education)

  • Functionalist
  • Main function of education is to transmit norms and values of society
  • Creates a link between individual and society
  • Sense of belonging
  • Discipline
• Bowles and Gintis (Education)

  • Marxist
  • Education is a capitalist system that reproduces labour power
  • Correspondence Principle - school mirrors the workplace
  • Reject meritocracy
  • Class background is the main factor for affecting educational attainment
• Ball, Bowe and Gerwitz (Education)

  • No perspective
  • Market Forces
  • Parental choice
  • Setting and Streaming
  • 3 types of choosers: privilledged, semi-skilled and disconnected
• Ball (Education)

  • No perspective
  • Beachside Comprehensive
  • Participant observation
  • Positive and negative labelling by teachers
• Delphy and Leonard (Famillies)

  • Feminists
  • Men gain from the exploitation of women
  • Family reinforces Capitalism
  • Division of labor exploits women
  • Women are oppressed
• Zaretsky (Famillies)

  • Marxist
  • Family supports capitalism
  • Housewives are unpaid labor
  • Unit of consumption, safe haven, primary socialisation, assets

  *Critisised for being overly pessimistic
• Young and Wilmot (Famillies)

  • Functionalists
  • 4 stages of family life: pre-industrial, early industrial, symmetrical, asymmetrical

  *Feminists are critical - little evidence of symmetry
• Rapoports (Famillies)

  • No perspective
  • 5 aspects of family diversity: organisational, cultural, class, life course, cohort

  *Critisised for ignoring sexual diversity
• Parsons (Famillies)

  • Functionalist
  • Family has 2 purposes: primary socialisation and stabilisation of adult personalities
  • Warm bath theory
  • Instrumental and expressive roles

  *Critisised by conflict theorists - ignores the dark side of the family
• Oakley (Famillies)

  • Feminist
  • Cereal box famillies are now seen as dated, looking for alternatives
  • Women do domestic labour

  *Ignores same sex marriage