b

• How is the nerve cell adapted for its function

  the function of the nerve cell to carry electrical impulses They are long to carry signals long distances They have branched connections to connect to other nerve cells and form a network around the body
• How is the xylem adapted for its function?

  The function of the xylem is to carry water and minerals from the roots to the leaves Form hollow xylem tubes made of dead tissue Long cells toughened with lignin.
• how is the pholem adapted for its function

  The function of the pholem is to carry glucose around the plant. They form pholem tubes made of living tissue. They have sieve plates which allows dissolved sugars to be transported
• How is the root hair cell adapted for its function

  The function of the root hair cell is to absorb water and minerals from the soil.

  They have hair like projections to increase the surface area. They have a lot of mitchondria that transfers the energy needed for active transport of mineral ions. They have large vacuole that speeds up the movement of water by osmosis
• what are the stages of mitosis?

  The DNA condenses to form chromosome. The chromosomes line up in the center of the cells. The cell fibres pull the two arms of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The entire cell divides to form two identical daughter cells
• what are the stages of the cell cycle?

  The cell gets larger and produces more sub cellular structures such as ribosomes and mitochondria. The chromosomes duplicate so that each consists of 2 copies. The Dna divided into two, the cell divides into 2
• How is the villi adapted for its function

  has many microvilli to increase the surface area. has thin walls for a short pathway of diffusion. They have good blood supply to transport food molecules away or to the body and maintains a diffusion gradient. have lots of mitochondria as energy is needed for the absorption of sugars and molecules
• How is the alveoli adapted for its function

  They are arranged in small clusters to increase the surface area.

  They have capillaries which provide a large blood supply maintaining the concentration gradient.

  They have thin walls to shorten the diffusion distance
• describe the absorption in the small intestine

  The small intestine is very large, this provides a large surface area for absorption of the products of digestion. The small intestine is covered with millions of villi, this increases the surface area for the absorption of molecule. They have good blood supply which increases the concentration gradient. the villi have a thin membrane which shortens the diffusion pathway
• What does the plasma transport 


  it transports soluble digestion products from the small intestine to other organs.

  carbon dioxide from the organs to the lungs to be breathed out

  the waste product urea from the liver to the kidney to be excreted in urine
• what does the red blood transport?

  The red blood cell transport oxygen from the lungs to the body. They contain to haemoglobin which binds to oxygen in the lungs. They have a biconcave disk shape which increases the surface area so that oxygen diffuses in and out rapidly
• white blood cells 


  The white blood cells contain a nucleus which contains Dna.

  White blood cells produced antibodies which bind to pathogens and helps immune cells destroy them
• what are the stages of phagocytosis

  the phagocyte tracks down a pathogen and binds to it. The phagocytes membrane surrounds the pathogen and engulfs it. The enzymes inside phagocyte breaks down the pathogen in order to destroy it
• how are the arteries adapted for its function

  The function of the arteries is to carry blood away from the heart. They have layers of muscle in the walls to make them strong. They have elastic fibres that allow them to stretch. this helps the vessels withstand the high pressure created by the pumping of the heart
• How are the capillaries adapted to it’s function

  The function of the capillaries is to allow the blood to flow very close to the cells to enable substances to move between them.

  They are one cell thick to shorten the distance for diffusion into and out of the capillaries. They have permeable walls to allow substances to easily move in and out of the capillaries
• How is the vein adapted to its function

  the function of veins is to carry blood towards the heart. they have a wide lumen to allow the low pressure blood to flow throug. They have valves to ensure that the blood flows in the right direction