APHUG Exam

• 5 Themes of Geography


  • Location: Absolute (latitude, longitude)
  • Place: Physical and human characteristics of a place
  • Human-environmental interaction: How people interact with the environment around them
  • Movement: Mobility of people, goods, and ideas across places
  • Regions: Areas that are distinctive from one another
• Types of Geography


  • Modern (science)
  • Human (culture)
  • Physical (landforms/vegetation)
• Map Types


  • Isoline: Line of equal value represent data such as pressure and Temperature
  • Choropleth: Color shows information
  • Proportional Symbol: Size correlates to variable's intensity
  • Dot: Dot shows info
• Types of Sensing


  • Remote Sensing
  • GPS (Global Positioning System)
  • GIS (Geographical Information Science)
• Population Pyramid


  Represents age, sex, and quantity of a population
• Push factors for migration

  • asylum seekers
  • refuges
• Step migration


  Move to mexico, then chicago, then texas
• Chain migration


  You move then your mom, then your cousin, then dad
• SPICE (reasons to migrate)


  • Social reasons
  • Political reasons
  • Interactions between humans and the environment
  • Cultural
  • Economic
• Important Models


  • Population Pyramids: % of males and females of an age group
  • Demographic Transition Model: Sequence of demographic changes - country moves from high birth and death rates to low
  • Epidemiologic Transition Model: Distinct cause of death at each stage of DTM
• Ravenstein's Laws of Migration


  • 10 rules about migration
• Malthusian Theory of Population Growth


  Human population grows more rapidly than food supply
• Key Characteristics


  • Crude birth rate (births per 1000 ppl)
  • Crude death rate (deaths per 1000 ppl)
  • Emigration (out)
  • Endemic
  • Epidemic
  • Feticide (killing a fetus)
  • Immigration (in)
  • Infanticide (killing an infant)
• Types of Density


  • Arithmetic (# objects)
  • Physiological (# people)
  • Agricultural (# farmers)
• Types of Culture


  • Folk (traditions, dress modes)
  • Popular (trends in diet, music, and food)
  • Local (specific to people in a community - customs, traits)
  • Material (art, sports, dance)
  • Non-material (beliefs, practices, aesthetics)
• Cultural Relativism


  Person's beliefs, values, and practices understood based on their own culture
• Ethnocentrism


  Own culture is the center; other cultures evaluated based on it
• Universalizing vs. Ethnic Religions


  • Universalizing: spread through expansion and relocation diffusion (Example: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism)
  • Ethnic: found near the heath or spread through relocation diffusion (Example: Hinduism, Judaism)
• Acculturation


  Weaker culture adopts dominant traits of stronger one
• Assimilation


  Weaker culture replaced by stronger one
• Syncretism


  Blending of 2 cultures
• Multiculturalism


  1+ culture in 1 area
• Functions of Boundaries


  • Relic
  • Natural
  • Superimposed
  • Geometric
  • Subsequent
  • Antecedent
• Models


  • DTM
  • Gravity
  • Von Thunen
  • Urban Models
  • Transportation
• Theories


  • Malthusian/ Cornucopian/ Neo Malthusian
  • Environmental Determinism/ Possibilism
  • Websters
  • Ravensteins
  • Rostow
• Geopolitics


  Interplay between international political relations and territories
• Sovereignty


  Authority of state to govern itself
• State


  Political unit, independent country, defined boundaries, full control over land and people
• Nation


  Cultural unit, common ancestry, common religion
• Vocabulary


  • Nation-state (Japan, Denmark, Poland)
  • State-less nation (Kurds, Basques, Palestinians)
  • Multinational state (former USSR, Lebanon)
  • Multi State nation (Kurds, Koreans)
• Types of Boundaries


  • Antecedent (before human cultures)
  • Subsequent (evolved thru cultural landscape)
  • Superimposed (forcibly put by outside party)
  • Relict (no longer functions as a boundary)
• Irredentism


  Ethnic group that aims to reoccupy area
• Balkanization


  State fragmenting into smaller states
• Self-determination


  Ethnicities have right to govern themselves
• Intensive farming


  • market gardening
  • plantation agriculture
  • mixed crop/livestock systems
• Extensive farming

  • shifting cultivation
  • nomadic herding
  • ranching
• Rural Settlement Patterns


  • clustered (close proximity)
  • dispersed (isolated from neighbors)
  • linear (along a road or river - straight line)
• Rural Survey Methods


  • metes and bounds (relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features)
  • township and range (rectangular land division scheme)
  • long lot (land divided into narrow parcels)
• Diffusion Patterns


  • 1st Ag. Revolution (Neolithic)
  • 2nd Ag. Revolution
  • Columbian Exchange
• Urbanization


  Population of city grows