Deck

• Reproduction


  A biological process by which an organism reproduces an offspring who is biologically similar to the organism
• Importance of reproduction

  • Procreation
  • Quality improvement
• Reproduction sustains the species so that it does not become extinct
• Reproduction allows mixing of genetic materials leading to variation among individuals in a species
• Asexual reproduction


  A mode of reproduction that does not entail the union of sex cells or gametes
• Sexual reproduction


  A mode of reproduction that involves fertilization or the fusion of male and female gametes
• Tubers


  • Modified roots
  • New plants emerge out of swollen, modified roots
  • Buds are formed at the base of the stem
• Tubers


  • kamote
• Runners


  • Stems that grow horizontally on the ground
  • Buds form at the nodes, which later develop the roots and shoots, resulting in the formation of a new plant
• Runners


  • strawberry
• Bulb


  • Round, swollen part of the underground stem
  • Within the bulb lies the organ for vegetative propagation such as the central shoot that grows into a new plant
• Vegetative propagation


  It has adventitious buds coming out from the notches of the leaves. These buds develop into new plants
• Vegetative reproduction


  A method where plant parts such as root, stem and leaves are used to reproduce
• Artificial plant propagation


  Methods that involve taking a piece of one parent plant and causing it to regenerate itself into a new plant
• Grafting


  The act of placing a portion of one plant (bud or scion) into or on a stem, root, or branch of another (stock) in such a way that a union will be formed and the partners will continue to grow
• Budding


  Inserting a single bud from a desirable plant into an opening in the bark of a compatible rootstock to create an advantageous variety (cultivar) and rootstock combination
• Spore formation


  A method that involves the production of spores
• Perfect or bisexual or hermaphroditic plants


  Plants that contain both male and female parts
• Androecium


  The male reproductive organs that produces male gamete or pollen
• Gynoecium


  The female reproductive organs
• Fragmentation


  The breaking of an individual into parts followed by regeneration
• Budding (in animals)


  A type of asexual reproduction that results from the outgrown of a part of the body leading to a separation of the "bud" from the original organism and the formation of two individuals, one smaller than the other
• Parthenogenesis


  A type of asexual reproduction where unfertilized eggs develop into new offspring
• Three fundamental steps of sexual reproduction in animals

  • Gametogenesis: production of gametes
  • Spawning or mating: bringing gametes together
  • Fertilization: fusion of gametes (external fertilization or internal fertilization)
• Sperm production begins in the testicles of men. During ejaculation, millions of sperm cells are set free with the sole purpose of finding an egg to fertilize.
• If a sperm is successful on its quest to fertilize an egg, the now fertilized egg (called a zygote) continues to move down your fallopian tube, dividing into two cells, then four cells, then more cells. About a week after the sperm has fertilized the egg, the zygote has traveled to your uterus. It's now a growing cluster of about 100 cells called a blastocyst.
• The blastocyst then attaches itself to the lining of your uterus (the endometrium). This attachment process is called implantation. If implantation happens, the cells continue to divide some cells develop into your baby and others form the placenta.
• The ovaries release the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. These hormones cause the lining of the uterus (or womb) to build up. The built-up lining is ready for a fertilized egg to attach to and start developing. If there is no fertilized egg, the lining breaks down and bleeds.
• Plants


  • Cells are positionally fixed
  • Body plan is highly regulated by the environment
  • Undergo alternation of generation
  • Produce spores before forming gametes
  • Has a longer period of morphogenesis
  • Grow by increasing cell size
• Animals


  • Are motile
  • Body plan is clearly determined by its genes
  • Has only one continuous multicellular stage
  • Gametes are directly formed
  • Has a shorter period of morphogenesis
  • Grow by increasing the number of cells
• Nutrition


  The process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth
• Nutrients


  A substance that provides nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life
• Essential nutrients


  Nutrients that are required for normal functioning of the body, but that cannot be made by the body at all or cannot be made in sufficient amounts for good health