Development Dynamics

• Gross Domestic Product (GDP)


  A measurement of the total goods and services produced within a country.
• Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)


  The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country
• poverty line


  A method used to count the number of poor people, it considers what a family must spend for an "austere" standard of living.
• Human Development Index (HDI)


  Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy
• Problems with GDP


  does not value the quality of the environment, leisure time, non-market activity, an equitable distribution of income
• Population structure


  the composition of a population, the most important elements of which are age and sex
• demographic data


  statistics about the numbers and characteristics of people living in an area
• birth rate


  the number of births in a year for every 1,000 people in a population
• death rate


  the number of deaths each year per 1,000 people
• dependency ratio


  The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force
• Corruption Perceptions Index


  A measure developed by Transparency International that ranks countries in terms of the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians.
• infant mortality rate


  The percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country.
• UK - Developed or not?


  Developed
• Japan - Developed or not?

  Developed
• Brazil- Developed or not?


  Emerging
• India - Developed or not?


  Emerging
• Papau New Guinea - Developed or Not?


  Devloping
• Population Pyramid


  A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

  
• Champagne-glass distribution


  the unequal, global distribution of income, so named for its shape

  
• Barriers to Development


  Lack of natural resources, poverty, gender inequality, infectious disease, relative location, foreign debt, political corruption and instability, lack of infrastructure, and dependency theory.
• Development gap


  Widening difference between development levels in more-developed and less-developed countries.
• Poverty - Economic


  About one in five of the world's population live on less than US $1 a day, almost half live on less than $2 a day.

  Developing countries frequently lack the ability to pay for food, agricultural innovation and investment in rural development

  Many countries do not have the money and ability to combat the effect of HIV/AIDS
• Poverty - Social


  More than 775 million people in developing countries cannot read or write.

  The poorest are rarely involved in decisions that affect their everyday lives. Often discriminated against because of where they live, the language and religion. Or they are simply ignored because they are old, disabled or female.

  Around 315,000 children under the age of 5 die every year from diarrhoeal diseases caused by dirty water and poor sanitation. That's almost 900 children per day.

  Across the world, women are forced to waste precious time walking long distances to collect dirty water. Girls are dropping out of school because there are no private toilets.

  663 million people live without safe water. 2.4 billion don't have access to adequate sanitation.

  The poorest are often left out when it comes to improving water and sanitation services.
• Poverty - Environmental


  Developing countries have increased vulnerability to natural disasters. They lack the capacity to adapt to climate change- induced droughts.

  Some developing countries have non-democratic governments or they are democracies that function poorly. This can worsen the plight of minority groups.

  Poor farming practices can often lead to environmental degradation.

  Raw materials are exploited with limited economic benefit to developing countries and little concern for the environment.
• Rostow's Theory


  theory by Walt Rostow about the economic growth of countries

  
• Clark-Fisher model


  a generalised description of how societies' employment structures change as they develop

  
• What did Rostow's model say? What is it? What are the stages?


  A move away from farming to manufacturing

  Trading with neighbouring countries

  The development of infrastructure
• Problems with Rostow's Theory


  Out of date and based on the 18th and 19th century development of European countries.

  It assumes that all countries start at the same level of development

  It disregards the fact that each country will have different qualities, quantities of resources, population, climate and natural hazards.
• Frank's dependency theory


  The periphery consists of other areas like which sell raw material to the core

  Published in 1960's

  Developed in the 1970's

  He believed historical trade made countries poor

  The core represented the developed powerful nations like North America and Europe

  He believed there were 2 types of global region; the core and the periphery

  He believed that poorer countries are poor because they are weaker members of the global economy and their rules are decided by the wealthy.

  
• Problems with Frank's Depndency model


  Out of date

  Doesn't consider other factors (natural disasters, lack of resources, conflict)

  Today some less developed countries are developing very quickly, e.g. China and India
• trade deficit


  An excess of imports over exports
• Emergency short term aid

  Aid given after a disaster like a flood or earthquake to help provide immediate relief
• Conditional/tied aid


  when one country donates money or resources to another (bilateral aid) but with conditions attached. These conditions will often be in the MEDC's favour
• Charitable aid


  Aid given by Non-government organisations like Oxfam, usually on a small scale
• Long term development aid

  involves providing local communities with education and skills for sustainable development, usually through organisations such as Practical Action.
• Multilateral aid


  Where aid is provided through an international organisation, such as the World Bank, United Nations or World Health Organization. Multilateral aid combines donations from a number of countries and then distributes them to the recipients.
• Pros of Aid


  >Emergency aid in times of disaster saves lives.

  >Aid helps rebuild livelihoods and housing after a disaster

  >Provision of medical training, medicines and equipment can improve health and standards of living.

  >Aid for agriculture can help increase food production and so improve the quality and quantity of food available.

  >Projects that develop clean water and sanitation can lead to improved health and living standards.
• Cons of Aid


  >Projects that develop clean water and sanitation can lead to improved health and living standards.

  >Aid may not reach the people who need it most. Corruption may lead to local politicians using aid for their own means or for political gain.

  >Aid can be used to put political or economic pressure on the receiving country. The country may end up owing a donor country or organisation a favour.

  >Sometimes projects do not benefit smaller farmers and projects are often large scale.

  Encouraging aid industrial development can create jobs and improve transport infrastructure.

  >It may be a condition of the investment that the projects are run by foreign companies or that a proportion of the resources or profits will be sent abroad.

  >Some development projects may lead to food and water costing more.
• Top-down development


  implement main classes first, subsidiary classes later
• Bottom-up development projects


  projects that are planned and controlled by local communities to help their local periphery area