BIO PERIPHIRAL

• Peripheral Nervous System


  A part of our nervous system that lies outside the brain and spinal cord, playing a key role in transmitting sensory information and executing commands
• Nerve


  • A bundle of axons that lie outside the brain and spinal cord, along with connective tissue and blood vessels
• Types of nerves


  • Cranial nerve
  • Spinal nerve
• Cranial nerve


  Emerges from the brain, has 12 pairs
• Spinal nerve


  Emerges from the spinal cord, has 31 pairs
• Sensory receptors


  Structures that detect changes in the internal or external environment of an organism, occurring in specialized organs
• Types of nerves


  • Sensory (afferent)
  • Motor (efferent)
• Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System


  • Autonomic
  • Somatic
• Autonomic Nervous System


  Consists of nerves that connect the central nervous system to the visceral organs, responsible for regulating unconscious activities
• Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System


  • Sympathetic
  • Parasympathetic
  • Enteric
• Sympathetic Nervous System


  Triggers bodily functions that assist during moments of necessity, particularly in times of stress or peril, responsible for the "fight-or-flight" reaction
• Parasympathetic Nervous System


  Functions in contrast to the sympathetic nervous system, facilitating a state of "rest and digest"
• Enteric Nervous System


  Responsible for regulating the process of food digestion
• Somatic Nervous System


  Consists of nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to the skin and muscles, responsible for voluntary movements and conscious sensations
• Cranial Nerves


  • Olfactory (CN I)
  • Optic (CN II)
  • Oculomotor (CN III)
  • Trochlear (CN IV)
  • Trigeminal (CN V)
  • Abducens (CN VI)
  • Facial (CN VII)
  • Vestibulocochlear/Auditory Nerve (CN VIII)
  • Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
  • Vagus (CN X)
  • Accessory/Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
  • Hypoglossal (CN XII)
• Olfactory Nerve (CN I)


  A sensory neuron responsible for the sense of smell, originating directly from the cerebrum
• Optic Nerve (CN II)


  A sensory neuron that transmits electrical impulses from the eyes to the brain
• Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)


  A motor neuron responsible for controlling eye movement
• Trochlear Nerve (CN IV)


  A motor neuron responsible for enabling eye movement towards or away from the nose
• Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)


  Has both sensory and motor neurons, originating in the Pons, responsible for sensations and motor functions in the face
• Abducens Nerve (CN VI)


  A motor neuron responsible for horizontal eye movement, with the second longest intracranial course
• Facial Nerve (CN VII)


  Originates from the pontomedullary region, has both sensory and motor neurons responsible for taste, facial expressions, eye closing, salivation, and lacrimation
• Vestibulocochlear/Auditory Nerve (CN VIII)


  A sensory neuron originating in the pontomedullary region, with the vestibular portion responsible for balance and the cochlear portion responsible for hearing
• Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)


  Originates from the medulla oblongata, has both sensory and motor neurons responsible for taste, sensation of the pharynx, swallowing, and salivation