ap world

• Song Dynasty


  960-1279, China enjoyed great wealth, political stability, and artistic and intellectual innovations
• China developed the greatest manufacturing capability in the world
• China became the world's most commercialized society, shifting from local production to market production
• Buddhism and Confucianism began to spread in China
• China's bureaucracy expanded through meritocracy, allowing for greater social mobility
• Grand Canal


  An efficient waterway transportation system that enabled China to become the most populous trading area in the world
• Gunpowder


  Technology of gunpowder and guns spread from China to all parts of Eurasia via traders on the Silk Roads
• Agriculture in China


  • They built elaborate irrigation systems and used heavy plows pulled by water buffalo or oxen to increase productivity
  • Production of food increased and China's population grew quickly
• Tributes


  An arrangement to gain income in which other states had to pay money or provide goods to honor the Chinese emperor
• The Song government provided aid to the poor and established public hospitals where people could receive care
• It was expected that women would defer to men, seen in the constraint of foot binding
• Buddhism in China


  • Came to China from its birthplace in India via the Silk Roads
  • Three forms of Buddhism from India came to shape Asia, each developing a different emphasis: Theravada Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism, and Tibetan Buddhism
  • Followed the Four Noble Truth and the Eightfold Path
• Neo-Confucianism


  Evolved in China between 770 and 840, a syncretic system combining rational thought with the more abstract ideas of Daoism and Buddhism
• Feudalism in Japan


  • For hundreds of years, Japan had been a feudal society without a centralized government
  • Landowning aristocrats, the daimyo, battled for control of the land, while the majority of people worked as rice farmers
• Government in Japan


  1. In 1192, the Minamoto installed a shogun, or military ruler, to reign

  2. For the following four centuries, Japan suffered from regional rivalries among aristocrats

  3. Not until the l7th century would shoguns create a strong central government that unified the country
• Korea's location gave it a very direct relationship with China and had a tributary relationship
• Korea centralized its government in the style of the Chinese
• Koreans adopted both Confucian and Buddhist beliefs
• Unlike with China, Koreans maintained a more powerful landed aristocracy that would not allow for the same amount of social mobility
• Social Structures in Vietnam


  • Vietnamese women enjoyed greater independence in their married lives than did Chinese women in the Confucian tradition
  • Vietnamese preferred nuclear families, in which the father, mother and their children live in one household
  • Vietnamese villages operated independently of a national government; political centralization was nonexistent
  • They adopted a merit-based bureaucracy of educated men, but instead of pledging loyalty to the emperor, officials in Vietnam owed more allegiance to the village peasants
• Nasir al-Din al-Tusi


  Laid the groundwork for making trigonometry a separate subject
• 'A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah


  May be the most prolific female Muslim writer before the 20th century, many of her works describe her journey toward mystical illumination
• Medical advances and hospital care improved in cities such as Cairo, while doctors and pharmacists studied for examinations for licenses that would allow them to practice
• Islamic society


  • Viewed merchants as more prestigious than did other societies in Europe and Asia at the time
  • With the revival of trade on Silk Roads, merchants could grow rich from their dealings across the Indian Ocean and Central Asia
• Muslim women


  • Allowed to inherit property and retain ownership after marriage
  • Could remarry if widowed
  • Could receive a cash settlement if divorced
  • Could practice birth control
• Preservation and commentaries on Greek moral and natural philosophy
• House of Wisdom in Abbasid Baghdad
• Scholarly and cultural transfers in Muslim and Christian Spain
• Muslim forces successfully invaded Spain from the south

  711
• Most of the continent remained Christian, but Muslims ruled Spain for the next seven centuries
• Umayyad rulers in Córdoba created a climate of toleration, with Muslims, Christians, and Jews coexisting peacefully
• They also promoted trade, allowing Chinese and Southeast Asian products to enter
• Southern India was more stable than northern India. The first kingdom, the Chola Dynasty, reigned over southern India for more than 400 years (850—1267)
• Northern India experienced significantly more upheaval than did southern India. After the fall of the Gupta Empire, the Rajput kingdoms gradually formed in northern India and present-day Pakistan
• Bringing Islam into India, the Delhi Sultanate reigned for 300 years, from the l3th through the l6th centuries
• Differences between Hinduism and Islam


  • Hindus pray to many gods, while Mulims are strictly monotheistic
  • Hindu artwork and temples are filled with pictures of deities, while Muslims disapprove of any visual representation of Allah
  • Hinduism was associated with a hierarchical caste system, while Islam has always called for the equality of all believers
  • Hindus recognize several sacred texts, while Muslims look to only the Quran for spiritual guidance
• The arrival of Islam did little to alter the basic structure of society in South Asia
• Most of those who tried to escape the grip of the caste system failed
• India's caste system is its strongest historical continuity
• Bhakti Movement


  Beginning in the 12th century, some Hindus began to draw upon traditional teachings about the importance of emotion in their spiritual life, rather than emphasize performing rituals or studying texts, they concentrated on developing a strong attachment to a particular deity