Motivation and Emotion

• Motivation


  A need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal. It is what either starts or stops behavior. It is the internal and external forces that drive our thoughts, moods, and behaviors.
• Extrinsic Motivation: type of motivation in which a person

  performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is

  separate from or external to the person.
• Intrinsic Motivation: type of motivation in which a person

  performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or

  satisfying in some internal manner.
• Instinct theory proposes that organisms are motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of their

  genetic programming and because these behaviors

  lead to success in terms of natural selection.
• For example, we pursue sex in

  order to reproduce to propagate

  the human species.

  It is an innate biological need.
• INSTINCTUAL BEHAVIORS

  Reproduction and social dominance

  Human beings are territorial “this is our space” by nature.

  Some animals have these like mating dances and

  nest building sequences.
• Drive theory aka Drive Reduction or Homeostatic theory. This perspective views behavior as motivated by the need

  to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological

  needs.
• This unmet need “drives” us to behave in a way that causes

  the intensity of the drive to be reduce
• They work by “negative” feedback, that is one experiences

  an unpleasant feeling (hunger, thirst) until you meet the

  need.
• The brain makes sure the body is kept in balance

  like body temperature, fluid levels, energy supplies,

  need for rest
• This balance or optimal state is called homeostasis.

  This is our natural state. The body does its best to

  stay balanced.
• Incentive theory states that behavior is

  motivated by the pull of external (outside )

  goals such as rewards.
• Motives can be divided into three major

  categories:

   Primary Motives

   Stimulus Motives

   Secondary Motives
• Primary Motives are based on biological needs that must be met for survival. They are innate like hunger, thirst , pain avoidance, needs for air, sleep, elimination of wastes, and regulation of body temperature.
• ANOREXIA NERVOSA

   Active self-starvation or sustained

  loss of appetite that seems to have

  psychological origins
• BULIMIA NERVOSA

  (BINGE-PURGE SYNDROME)
• Anorexics and bulimics have exaggerated fears

  of becoming fat; they think they are fat when

  the opposite is true! Bulimics are obsessed with food and weight; anorexics with perfect control. Anorexics will often be put on a “weight-gain” diet to restore weight.
• Extracellular Thirst: When water is lost from fluids

  surrounding the cells of the body
• Intracellular Thirst: When fluid is drawn out of cells

  because of increased concentration of salts and

  minerals outside the cell. Best satisfied by drinking water
• Motivation


  A need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal. It is what either starts or stops behavior. It is the internal and external forces that drive our thoughts, moods, and behaviors.
• Extrinsic Motivation


  Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person.
• Intrinsic Motivation


  Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner.
• Instinct theory


  • Proposes that organisms are motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of their genetic programming and because these behaviors lead to success in terms of natural selection.
• Drive theory (Drive Reduction or Homeostatic theory)


  • This perspective views behavior as motivated by the need to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs. This unmet need "drives" us to behave in a way that causes the intensity of the drive to be reduced. The brain makes sure the body is kept in balance (body temperature, fluid levels, energy supplies, need for rest). This balance or optimal state is called homeostasis.
• Incentive theory


  • Behavior is motivated by the pull of external (outside) goals such as rewards.
• Types of Motives


  • Primary Motives
  • Stimulus Motives
  • Secondary Motives
• Primary Motives


  Based on biological needs that must be met for survival. They are innate like hunger, thirst, pain avoidance, needs for air, sleep, elimination of wastes, and regulation of body temperature.
• Anorexia Nervosa


  Active self-starvation or sustained loss of appetite that seems to have psychological origins. Control issues seem to be involved. Very difficult to effectively treat. Affects adolescent females overwhelmingly.
• Bulimia Nervosa (Binge-Purge Syndrome)


  Excessive eating usually followed by self-induced vomiting and/or taking laxatives. Difficult to treat. Prozac approved by FDA to treat bulimia nervosa. Affects females overwhelmingly.
• Extracellular Thirst


  When water is lost from fluids surrounding the cells of the body.
• Intracellular Thirst


  When fluid is drawn out of cells because of increased concentration of salts and minerals outside the cell. Best satisfied by drinking water.
• Pain Avoidance


  An episodic drive. Distinct episodes when bodily damage takes place or is about to occur.
• Estrus


  Changes in animals that create a desire for sex; females in heat.
• Estrogen


  A female sex hormone.
• Androgens


  Male hormones.
• Sex Disorders


  • Gender Identity Disorders
  • Sexual Dysfunction
  • Paraphilia
• Gender Identity Disorder


  Exists when the person's sense of identity (male vs. female) is inconsistent with who they are physically. "I'm a man trapped in a woman's body" or vice versa. Has also been referred to as transsexualism.
• Male Sexual Disorders


  • Hypoactive sexual desired disorder
  • Sexual aversion disorders
  • Male erectile disorder
  • Inhibited male organism
  • Premature ejaculation
  • Dyspareunia
• Female Sexual Disorders


  • Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
  • Sexual aversion disorder
  • Female sexual arousal disorder
  • Inhibited female orgasm
  • Dyspareunia
  • Vaginismus
• Paraphilias


  • Fetishism
  • Voyeurism/Exhibitionism
  • Transvestic Fetishism
  • Sexual Sadism and Sexual Masochism
  • Sadistic Rape
  • Pedophilia and Incest