history chapt 4

• Qing dynasty


  Was overthrown in the Wuchang uprising of 1911
• Reasons for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty


  • Weakened by Japan in the 1st Sino Japanese war in 1800s
  • Suffered western imperialism in China
  • China wasn't modernising
• Republican of China


  Established in 1912 by the provisional president Sun Yat Sen
• Sun Yat Sen told Yuan Shikai


  If he could get emperor Pu Yi abdicated, he'd become president
• Yuan Shikai


  Became president in 1912 and 3 years later re appointed himself Emperor which outraged the Chinese and was forced to abdicate in 1916 before he died
• Warlord Era


  Armies were led by warlords after Shikai death. As a result, there was lack of centralised leadership
• Sun Yat Sen


  Set a revolutionary Government to re-establish the rule of republic China. This was known as the KMT (Kuomintang)
• Chiang Kai-shek


  Gained power after Yat Sen died
• Attempt to unify China


  1. The KMT, USSR and the Chinese communist party

  2. Chinese civil war began when Chiang Kai-shek began to take more power and wanted to go after the communists and war lords
• May fourth movement


  Protests began on May fourth, 1919, by 3,000 college students in Beijing due to the Treaty of Versailles recognising Japanese control over pervious German-administered area of China
• Northern Expedition 1926-28


  Military campaign launched by the National Revolutionary Army against the warlord regions from 1926-28
• Leaders of the Northern Expedition


  • KMT rightists (led by Chiang)
  • KMT lefties
  • CCP
• Purpose of the Northern Expedition


  To reunify China, which had become fragmented in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1911 and further so after the death of Yuan Shikai
• Reasons for the success of the Northern Expedition


  • Expedition was well planned
  • Chiang's army had received training from the USSR and Japan and were more organised than the war lords
  • Chiang's KMT had the support of normal chinse who were tired of violence and oppression of the warlords
• Purge of the communists


  In 1927, Chiang needed to act because the communists were influenced by the Marxist ideology and wanted a revolution against the warlords who supported Chiang
• Shanghai Massacre


  April 12th, 1927, 300 communists were killed by Chiang. Communist cells were raided, and labour unions were eliminated
• Wuhan Government dismissed Chiang


  As commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army
• Chiang ignored the dismissal and formed his own government in Nanjing
• Rise and fall of the Soviet republic of china 1931-34


  Mao Ze Dong had held senior posts in the Kuomintang and the Communist party by 1927. After the purge of communists, he formed the red army by 1931 consisting of revolutionary Army of peasants and workers and forces and warlord Zhu De. Mao formed the Soviet Republic of China. Chiang operated five extermination campaigns against the communist party from 1930 to 1934. One of the most significant campaigns led to the Long March.
• The Long March


  By 1934, communism was defeated by the nationalists and forced to retreat in the long march. The Communist Party's Military marched through extremely tough terrain towards the North-West of China. They march from Jiangxi to Yan'an in Shaanxi. During the march, Mao Zedong created a role as a leader making him take control of the communist party of China.
• During WW2, the civil war took a break to defeat Japan however by 1949, the CP defeated Chiang Kai-shek and KMT forcing them to retreat to Formosa, establishing government of Taiwan.
• Reasons for increased support for the communist party


  • Increase support from the rural population
  • Communists fought the Japanese invaders
  • Created an alliance between the people
• Nanjing Decade 1928-37


  During this time, China was led by Chiang Kai Shek. Chiang struggled to hostile warlords and failed attempts to create a modern state, which was impacted by the government's lack of authority and control in many parts of China.
• Economic policies of the Nationalists


  • Standardised the currency value
  • Developed roads and infrastructure
  • Implemented policies to provide farmers with land and fixed rent
• The Xi'an Incident


  Chiang was kidnapped in 1936 for 2 weeks and an ultimatum for his release was to agree to a united front with the Communists to fight a full-scale war against Japan.
• Manchurian Crisis


  1931 Japan invaded Manchuria using a sabotaged section of the railways as the excuse. By 32', they conquered the region. Chiang took little action to stop them since he was pre-occupied with the threat of the CCP. Chiang subsequently signed the Tanggu Truce in May 1933 which certified Japanese ownership over the area.
• Sichuan


  In 1938, Japanese troops occupied Chinese ports. As a result, Chiang and KMT retreated to the mountains province of Sichuan. However, since the country was so large Japan couldn't take over the whole country which allowed chinses to move back into some areas and take control of the countryside.
• Reasons for the decline in support for Chiang Kai Shek and KMT


  • Failure during the Manchurian crisis
  • Focused on fighting the communists instead of delaying a union with them
  • The extermination campaign against the communists in Xi'an
• Chiang Kai Sheks government failed even after help from the US and USSR.
• Reasons for US and USSR support for the KMT

  • USA supported the KMT due to its anti-communist views and wanted them to be strong to resist Japanese aggression
  • USSR supported the KMT because they wanted them to control the central government and didn't believe the CCP would be able to rule china themselves
• Yan'an Soviet 1936-48


  CCP made the Yan'an town as headquarters. During this time the CCP had increased support by helping farmers, helping locals receive medicine, opened more schools etc. In 1941, Mao began the 'rectification movement' which would arrest and torture anyone who disagreed with Mao.
• Japan declared war on Germany and seized Germanys military base on Shandong.
• In 1915, Japan issues China the '21 demands' which China agreed to give Shandong to the Japanese and commercial Privileges to Manchuria.
• USA supported the KMT


  Due to its anti-communist views
• USA wanted the KMT to be strong


  To resist Japanese aggression
• USSR supported the KMT

  They wanted them to control the central government
• USSR didn't believe the CCP

  Would be able to rule china themselves
• Yan'an Soviet 1936-48


  • CCP made the Yan'an town as headquarters
  • CCP had increased support by helping farmers, helping locals receive medicine, opened more schools
  • In 1941, Mao began the 'rectification movement' which would arrest and torture anyone who disagreed with Mao
• Japan declared war on Germany and seized Germanys military base on Shandong
• In 1915, Japan issues China the '21 demands' which China agreed to give Shandong to the Japanese and. Commercial Privileges to Manchuria