NSTP2

• First aid


  Immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly taken ill
• First aid (updated)


  Assessments and interventions that can be performed by a bystander (or by the victim) with minimal or no medical equipment
• Objectives of first aid

  • To alleviate suffering
  • To prevent added/further injury or danger
  • To prolong life
• Characteristics of a good first aider

  • Gentle - should not cause pain
  • Resourceful - should make the best use of things at hand
  • Observant - should notice all signs
  • Tactful - should not alarm the victim
  • Empathetic - should be comforting
  • Respectable - should maintain a professional & caring attitude
• Hindrances in giving first aid

  • Unfavorable Surroundings
  • The Presence of Crowds
  • Pressure from the victim or relatives
• Direct contact transmission


  Occurs when a person touches an infected person's body fluids or objects that have been contaminated by the blood or another body fluid of an infected person
• Airborne transmission


  Occurs when a person inhales infected droplets that have become airborne as an infected person coughs or sneezes
• Vector transmission


  Occurs when an animal such as dog or an insect, such as tick, mosquitoes, transmits a pathogen into the body through a bite
• Herpes


  Viral infection that causes eruptions of the skin and mucous membranes
• Meningitis


  Inflammation of the brain or spinal cord caused by a viral or bacterial infection
• Hepatitis


  Viral infection of the liver
• HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)


  Virus that destroys the body's ability to fight infection, resulting in AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
• Body Substance Isolation (BSI)


  Precautions taken to isolate or prevent risk of exposure from any other type of bodily substance
• Basic precautions and practices

  • Personal Hygiene
  • Protective Equipment
  • Equipment Cleaning & Disinfecting
• Basic first aid equipment and supplies

  • Spine board
  • Short board/ Kendrick's extrication device
  • Sets of splints
  • Poles
  • Blankets
• Dressing or compress


  Any sterile cloth material used to cover the wound
• Bandage


  Any clean cloth material, sterile or not, used to hold dressing in place
• Body systems

  • Nervous System
  • Respiratory System
  • Circulatory System
  • Digestive System
  • Urinary System
  • Reproductive System
  • Musculoskeletal System
  • Integumentary System
• The skin


  The largest single organ in the body, complex layers of tissue that cover the surface of the body
• Soft tissue injury (wound)


  A break in the continuity of a tissue of the body whether internal or external
• Closed soft tissue injury


  Skin is unbroken, blunt object results in contusion or bruises
• Characteristics of closed wound

  • Pain and tenderness
  • Swelling
  • Discoloration
  • Hematoma
• Open wound


  A break in the skin or mucous membrane; or the protective skin layer is damaged
• Types of open wounds

  • Puncture
  • Abrasion
  • Laceration
  • Avulsion
  • Incision
• Arterial bleeding


  Occurs when an artery is severed or opened, characterized by the irregular spurting of blood
• Venous bleeding


  Occurs when a vein is punctured, characterized by an even flow of blood
• Capillary bleeding


  Described as "capillary oozing", expected in all minor cuts, scratches and abrasions
• Burn


  An injury involving the skin and its parts
• Classification of burns according to depth

  • Superficial (First Degree) - Skin is reddened, pain, tenderness, epidermis damaged
  • Partial Thickness (Second Degree) - Blisters develop, epidermis and dermis damaged
  • Full Thickness (Third Degree) - No pain or sensitivity, epidermis, dermis and other layers were damaged
• Types of burns

  • Thermal - Contact with fire and heat
  • Chemical - Chemicals will continue to cause tissue destruction until the chemical agent is removed
  • Electrical - Injury severity depends on the type of current
• Triangular bandage


  Usually made of muslin, has a base, fold, apex, and armpit
• Uses of triangular bandage

  • Open phase - Head (topside), Face; back of head, Chest; back, Hand; foot
  • Cravat phase - Forehead; eye, Ear; cheek; jaw, Shoulder; hip, Arm; leg, Elbow; knee (straight, bent), Palm pressure
  • To immobilize or support body part - Underarm sling, Arms sling, Cuff sling
• Common causes of bones, joints and muscle injuries

  • Vehicular accidents
  • Motorbike accidents
  • Mishandling of tools and equipment
  • Falls
• Shock


  A depressed condition of many body functions due to the failure of enough blood to circulate throughout the body following serious injury
• NERVOUS SYSTEM - is the system that transmits impulses throughout the body
• 1. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - is the system that supplies oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood.
• 1. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - is the system that transports oxygen, food water and removes waste products.
• DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - is the systems that absorbs food and eliminate some waste products.
• URINARY SYSTEM - is the system that removes waste products.
• 1. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM - is the system that propagates species