SCIENCE Q4 3

• Cell


  The smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible for all of life's processes
• Cell


  • They are born
  • They are fed to grow and carry out their functions
  • They perform reproduction and death
• Cell


  • They are the structural, functional, and biological units of all living beings
  • They can replicate themselves independently
  • They are the building blocks of life
• Cell reproduction


  Cell production has the flow production line split into a number of self-contained units, where each team or 'cell' is responsible for a significant part of the finished article and team members are skilled at a number of roles, providing a means for job rotation
• Cell reproduction


  It is a form of team working and helps ensure worker commitment, as each cell is responsible for a complete unit of work, which Herzberg would view as part of job enrichment
• Mitosis


  The process by which a cell replicates its chromosomes and then segregates them, producing two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division
• Mitosis


  • It is generally followed by equal division of the cell's content into two daughter cells that have identical genomes
• Mitosis


  1. Prophase

  2. Metaphase

  3. Anaphase

  4. Telophase

  5. Cytokinesis
• Interphase


  The period between two consecutive mitoses, where the cell prepares for reproduction by duplicating its DNA and taking the necessary internal and external measures to successfully undergo the process
• Prophase


  • Chromatin undergoes progressive condensation due to supercoiling, resulting in the formation of chromosomes
  • The nuclear envelope starts to break down, gradually dissolving
  • The centrosome duplicates, and each one moves to one of the cell's ends, where microtubules are formed
• Metaphase


  • The chromosomes align at the cell's equator, with the fibers of the mitotic spindle
  • Each chromosome has already duplicated during interphase, so at this point, the two copies separate
  • Microtubules attach to each centromere of the chromosomes
• Anaphase


  • The two groups of chromosomes (which are identical) move apart thanks to the microtubules toward opposite poles of the cell
  • Each set of genetic information concentrates around a centrosome
• Cytokinesis


  • A contractile ring composed of actin and myosin microfilaments forms, constricting the cell and creating a structure resembling an hourglass
  • A cleavage furrow forms, ultimately separating the two daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell