Biology

• Ignore previous study material, only categorise this latest study material
• polar


  Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water.

  
• nonpolar


  No partial charges. Do not mix with water.

  
• electronegativity


  Attraction of an atom for electrons in a covalent bond.

  
• cohesion


  Water molecules sticking to each other.

  
• adhesion


  Water molecules sticking to other surfaces.

  
• solute


  Something dissolved in a solution.

  
• solvent


  Dissolving agent of a solution.

  
• isomers


  Same atoms but different arrangement.

  
• structural isomers


  Differ in arrangement of atoms.

  
• geometric isomer


  Differ in arrangement around a double bond.

  
• enantiomers


  Structures that are like a mirror-image.

  
• alpha glucose


  Monomer for starch and glycogen.

  
• beta glucose


  Monomer for cellulose and chitin.

  
• cellulose


  Carbohydrate component of plant cell walls.

  
• starch


  Storage polysaccharide of plants.

  
• glycogen


  Extremely branched polymer of glucose.

  
• chitin


  Polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.

  
• -ose


  Suffix of a sugar.

  
• tryiacylglycerol


  Glycerol and three fatty acids.

  
• steroids


  Made of four rings of carbon.

  
• cholesterol


  Steroid common in cell membranes, also in many hormones.

  
• peptide bond


  Bonds that connect amino acids.

  
• Fredrick Sanger


  Determined amino acid sequence of proteins.

  
• disulphide bridges


  Reinforce tertiary structure.

  
• primary structure


  Chain of amino acids.

  
• secondary structure


  Either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.

  
• tertiary structure


  Results from interactions between side chains.

  
• quaternary structure


  Results from two or more polypeptide subunits.

  
• -in


  Suffix of a protein.

  
• purines


  Bases with a double-ring structure.

  
• pyrimidines


  Bases with a single-ring structure.

  
• phosphodiester bonds


  Bonds between phosphate group and pentose sugar in nucleic acids.

  
• synthesis


  To put together.

  
• digestion


  To break apart.

  
• dehydration synthesis


  Condensation reaction where molecules are connected by loss of a water molecule.

  
• hydrolysis


  Reaction where water split into two hydrogens and one oxygen; this breaks a polymer.

  
• anabolism


  Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.

  
• catabolism


  Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.

  
• natural selection


  A population can change over time if individuals with more fit traits leave more offspring than less fit individuals.