Inequality

• Observe Safety Health Protocols


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  • Observe physical distancing
  • Always wash / sanitize your hands
  • Stay at home if you do not feel well
• Stratification


  The hierarchical or vertical division of society according to rank, caste or class
• Determinants of Social Stratification (Social Desirables)


  • Wealth
  • Power
  • Prestige
• Theories of Social Stratification


  • Conflict theory
  • Functionalist Theory
• Conflict theory


  • Stratification may be universal without being necessary and inevitable
  • Stratification system shape the social organization
  • Stratification arises from group conquest, competition, and conflict
  • Stratification hinders optimal functioning of society
  • Stratification is an expression of the commonly shared social value
  • Power is usually legitimately distributed in society
  • Tasks and rewards are equitably allocated
  • Economic dimension is subordinate to other dimensions of society
  • Stratification systems generally change through evolutionary processes
• Functionalist theory


  • Stratification is universal, necessary and inevitable
  • Social organization shapes the stratification system
  • Stratification arises from societal need for integration, coordination, and cohesion
  • Stratification facilitates the optimal functioning of society and the individual
  • Stratification is an expression of values of powerful groups
  • Power is usually illegitimately distributed in society
  • Tasks and rewards are inequitably allocated
  • Economic dimension is paramount in society
  • Stratification systems often change through revolutionary process
• Social mobility


  The movement of individuals, families, or groups through a system of social hierarchy or stratification
• Forms of Stratification Systems (Social Mobility)


  • Close System of Stratification (India's Caste System)
  • Open System of Stratification (Class System)
• Close System of Stratification (India's Caste System)


  • Four large divisions (Brahmin, Khsatriya, Vaishya, Shudra)
  • Endogamy - marriage within your own caste category
  • Determines whom one could interact with, and how, with systems of social control
  • Contact between lower and higher castes is restricted
  • Based on a set of strong cultural and religious beliefs
  • Governed by religious beliefs of Hinduism
  • Horizontal mobility - change in status with no corresponding change in social class
• Open System of Stratification (Class System)


  • Combines ascribed status and personal achievement or achieved status
  • Allows some social mobility
  • Statuses are not the same - ascribed and achieved
  • Ascribed statuses are assigned or given by the society or group
  • Achieved statuses are earned by the individual
  • Meritocracy - social mobility based on personal merit and individual talents
• Social inequality


  The existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society
• Types of Social Inequality


  • Access to social, political and symbolic capital
  • Gender inequality
  • Ethnic minorities
  • Other minorities (e.g., persons with disabilities)
  • Global inequality
  • International inequality
• Political inequality


  The distance between the masses and the decision makers, the more layers of authority and the decision, the greater the political inequality
• Symbolic capital


  The resources available to a group or individual based on honor, prestige, or recognition, and serves as the value that one holds within a culture
• Actors in international relations


  • State actor
  • Non-State actor
• Characteristics of State Actors and Non-State Actors


  • State Actor: Civilian/Military/Dictatorship, Ambassadors/Diplomats, War/Conflict
  • Non-State Actor: Typically, no government, Not defined/ no specific organizational hierarchy, Terrorism /insurgency
• Global inequality


  Inequality between people across countries
• Economic differences between countries


  May refer to
• Medical care and education differences


  May refer to
• Actors in international relations


  • State actor
  • Non-State actor
• State actors


  • China, North Korea, India
• Non-state actors


  • Islamic fundamentalists groups i.e. ISIS, Taliban
• The prevalence of social inequality in any society cannot be dismissed
• President Obama (2013) said inequality is "the defining challenge of our time"
• Social inequality


  A state of social affairs in which there is difference in opportunity, status and treatment among the member of a given society
• Gaps in college attendance between economically advantaged and less-privileged peers have expanded since the 1980s
• Government's role


  Formulate viable projects and initiatives to support research on programs, policies, and practices that reduce inequality in different sectors of the society
• Areas of inequality addressed by government


  • Youth development
  • Mental health
  • Criminal justice
  • Workforce development
• Cry of the minority


  Desire to achieve social inclusion
• Social inclusion


  The process of improving the terms for individuals and groups to "take part in society" and "the process of improving the ability, opportunity, and dignity of people, disadvantaged on the basis of their identity, to take part in society"
• The gap between rich and poor regions in the Philippines widens even more
• The National Economic and Development Authority calls for higher spending on infrastructure and social services to address this
• The richest region is the National Capital Region (NCR), where the GRDP per capita as of 2018 stood at P253,893, a 40% jump from the P181,748 in 2009
• The poorest region is the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), with its GRDP per capita barely improving from P14,052 in 2009 to P14,657 in 2018
• Government initiated programs


  • Conditional Cash Transfer Program: Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps)
  • Education for All (EFA)
  • Service Delivery Network (SDN)
  • Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)
• No single program or project could actually lead to major changes, the government should still assure that the measures it is taking are toward approaches, programs, policies, and practices that work to reduce prevailing inequality in the country
• Social inequality


  Uneven distribution of wealth in our country, where few rich people had more, and the less fortunate people have less in life
• Social classes


  Upper class, middle class and the lower or working class, often made based on their jobs and income
• As people go up in a social ladder, they often have better access to education, healthcare, and other services such as housing, electricity, technology, clean water, and good nutrition
• Minority groups


  Experience a greater degree of inequality manifested by their lower income, lower education opportunities, reduced access to healthcare