Hist & Systems - Exam 5

• Anna Freud

  Youngest of Freud's children, preserved and interpreted her father's ideas after his death, extended them into new areas like child analysis and education
• Ego psychology

  • Emphasizes the ego more in child analysis because children don't recall early traumatic experiences like adults do; the analysis of the ego for its own sake
• Developmental lines


  Attempts by children to adapt to life's demands, whether those demands are situational, interpersonal, or personal
• Ego defense mechanisms


  • Altruistic surrender
  • Identification with the aggressor
• Altruistic surrender


  When a person gives up his or her own ambitions and lives vicariously by identifying with another person's satisfactions and frustrations
• Identification with the aggressor


  When a person adopts the values and mannerisms of a feared person as his or her own
• Carl Jung


  Was concerned with Freud's emphasis on sexual motivation – ended their friendship
• Personal unconscious


  Consists of experiences that had either been repressed or forgotten, material from one's lifetime that for one reason or another is not in consciousness
• Collective unconscious


  The deepest and most powerful component of the personality, reflecting the cumulative experiences of humans throughout their entire evolutionary past
• Archetype


  Each inherited predisposition contained in the collective unconscious
• Introversion


  The person tends to be quiet, imaginative, and more interested in ideas than in interacting with people
• Extroversion


  The person is outgoing and sociable
• While most people lean more towards one or the other, a healthy adult personality reflects both attitudes roughly equally
• Alfred Adler


  Fell out with Freud after Freud accused Adler of reducing psychoanalysis, focused his practice on the working class
• Compensation


  A person can adjust to a weakness in one part of their body by developing strengths in other parts
• Overcompensation


  The conversion of a weakness into a strength
• Both compensation and overcompensation can be directed towards psychological inferiorities as well as physical ones
• Inferiority complex


  People are so overwhelmed by such feelings of inferiority that they accomplish little or nothing
• Karen Horney


  Felt Freud's theories were not relevant for problems experienced during the Depression in the US, causes of mental illness are to be found in society and social interactions
• Basic hostility


  A child experiencing some form of basic evil develops basic hostility towards the parents, which develops into a worldview – the world is dangerous, unpredictable, etc.
• Basic anxiety


  When a basic hostility is repressed, it becomes an all-pervading feeling of being lonely and helpless in a hostile world
• Three major adjustment patterns for those with anxiety


  • Moving toward people (complaint type)
  • Moving against people (hostile type)
  • Moving away from people (detaches type)
• Moving toward people (complaint type)

  "If I give in, I shall not be hurt", needs to be liked, wanted, desired, loved to feel accepted; welcomed, approved of, appreciated to be needed
• Moving against people (hostile type)


  "If I have no power, no one can hurt me", any situation or relationship – what can I get out of it
• Moving away from people (detaches type)

  "If I withdraw, nothing can hurt me", inner need to put emotional distance between themselves and others, conscious and unconscious determination not to get emotionally involved with others in any way
• Healthy individuals use all three adjustment patterns depending on the circumstances
• Karen Horney - first psychoanalytic feminist


  One's major personality traits are determined by gender and cultural factors, stressed cultural motivation over biological motivations, people can solve many of their own problems, optimistic about peoples' ability to change their personality
• Karen Horney disagreed with almost every conclusion Freud drew about women
• Cognitive Dissonance


  State of tension due to an inconsistency between two ideas, realize that we have behaved in a way that contradicts our original attitude or belief, motivated to change our beliefs or behavior
• Examples of extreme cognitive dissonance

  • Humiliating sorority and fraternity initiation rituals
• Less leads to more effect


  Strong reasons for engaging in attitude-discrepant behavior dissonance is weak attitude change is small, weak reasons for engaging in attitude-discrepant behavior dissonance is strong attitude change is large
• Social Cognitive Theory


  According to Albert Bandura, we learn aggression via modeling (observing others), mentally consider the consequences of the aggressive act
• Experimental groups in Bandura's study

  • Saw a film of an adult being aggressive with reward outcome
  • Saw a film of an adult being aggressive with no outcome
  • Saw a film of an adult being aggressive with punishment outcome
• Children exposed to punishment condition were less aggressive towards the doll than the other two groups, the control group that didn't watch the film had the lowest levels of aggression
• Maintenance rehearsal


  Rote repetition
• Elaborative rehearsal


  Encoding the meaning of the information (more effective), using visual imagery and linking information to personal experiences
• Encoding failure


  Inability to recall specific information because we never encoded the information into long-term memory
• Three-stage model for retaining information


  • Sensory memory
  • Short-term memory (STM)
  • Long-term memory (LTM)
• Sensory memory


  Sensory information held for a very brief period (a few seconds at most – 5 seconds at most), auditory senses are held longer in memory than visual
• Short-term memory (STM)


  Working, conscious memory stored for 30 seconds (without the aid of rehearsal), has finite (limited) capacity