stratification and differentiation

• Functionalists


  • Davis and Moore
  • Durkheim
  • Parson
• Davis and Moore


  Role allocation and how school is meritocratic (work hard and rewarded)
• Durkheim


  Agent of secondary socialisation (social cohesion), formal curriculum (promotes a sense of belonging)
• Parson


  Bridge between home and workplace
• Marxists


  • Bourdieu
  • Bowles and Gintis
• Bourdieu


  Rigged in favour of the middle class, school presented as meritocratic (he calls this the GIANT MYTH)
• Bowles and Gintis


  Hidden curriculum (creates a submissive workforce)
• Weber

  • your place in the stratification system is based on your market position and your ability sell your occupational skills
• Identity


  Made up of your class (market position), status (how important you are perceived as) and party (is your occupation have trade union)
• Feminists


  • Society is patriarchal, men are seen as more important than women
• Formal sources of power

  • Police
  • Judiciary system
  • Court
• Informal sources of power


  • Family
  • Peer group
  • Religion
  • Education
  • Media
• Weber's theory of authority


  • Traditional authority
  • Rational-legal authority
  • Charismatic authority
• Traditional authority


  Bases on long established custom e.g. The Royal Family
• Rational-legal authority


  Authority given to someone through a fair voting system by the people e.g. Prime Minister
• Charismatic authority


  Authority given to someone based on their personality and behaviour, they usually have lots of followers e.g. Gandhi
• FOR CLASS STILL EXISTS

  Class still impacts young people's lives e.g. middle class youths were more likely to attend Oxbridge, workers were still aware of the class inequalities therefore suggesting that the traditional working class still existed
• AGAINST CLASS STILL EXISTS

  Class is now one of the many identities one can pick for example there is also gender and ethnicity, class no longer shapes outcomes in society
• DECLINE BUT CHANGEDCLASS STILL EXISTS

  Emergence of 'the privatized instrumentalist worker', embourgeoisement thesis shows many of the skilled working class have adopted middle class lifestyles
• Ways age affects life-chances

  • Greengloss
  • Media
  • Workplace
• Greengloss

  Older people receive second-hand healthcare
• Media

  Older people stereotyped as stubborn, forgetful, mood killers, this can lead to prejudice and discrimination
• Workplace

  Younger people are paid less which can convey the message their skills are less important; state pension say age 66 is for retirement suggest age for stop working – lead to poverty and social exclusion
• Ways sexuality affects life-chances

  • Media
  • Hate crime
• Media


  Present heterosexuality as the norm, repeating homophobic language leads to further prejudice and discrimination, lack of representation and when they do it is often negative
• Hate crime


  Many young people are afraid to come out as transgender due to discrimination and they face high levels of discrimination which leads to mental health issues
• Ways disability affects life-chances


  • Media
  • Workplace
  • Poverty
• Media

  Underrepresentation and when they do it is often negative
• Workplace

  Disability pay gap, prejudice and discrimination means they are less likely to be hired leading to poverty and therefore social exclusion
• Poverty

  Leads to social exclusion and poorer life-chances
• Ways class affects life-chances

  • Education
  • Wealth
  • Media
  • Environment
• Education

  Working class are more likely to fail in education – lead to poverty
• Wealth

  Upper class attend private schools and have access to Old Boys' network
• Media

  Negative representation leads to prejudice and discrimination
• Environment

  More likely to live in poorer areas with less resources and higher crime rate – crime may be normalised
• Ways being a man affects life-chances

  • Crisis in Masculinity
  • Criminal justice system
  • Education
• Crisis in Masculinity


  Lead to marginalisation and the higher suicide rates for men
• Criminal justice system

  More likely to be prosecuted – lead to criminal records and lower status
• Education

  More likely to fail in education
• Ways being a woman affects life-chances

  • Representation
  • Domestic abuse
  • Segregation
  • Period poverty