ENG 011

• EXPLICIT INFORMATION


  directly stated
• IMPLICIT INFORMATION


  not directly stated
• CLAIM


  main argument of the author
• CLAIM OF FACT


  can be verified as true or false
• CLAIM OF VALUE


  statements that can be qualified, gives an idea of what is good or bad
• CLAIM OF POLICY


  action-oriented
• LOGICAL FALLACIES


  errors in reasoning
• DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT


  the truth of the conclusion is certain
• INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT


  the truth of the conclusion is probable
• FALSE DILEMMA


  presenting an argument as one of only two options despite of multiple possibilities
• APPEAL TO IGNORANCE


  just because it is not proven to be false, something is concluded to be true or vice versa
• SLIPPERY SLOPE


  a series of increasingly superficial and unacceptable consequence is drawn
• COMPLEX QUESTION


  two or more points that are rolled into one
• APPEAL TO FORCE (AD BACULUM)


  using threat to get the conclusion accepted
• APPEAL TO PITY (AD MISERICORDIAM)


  pity is used instead of logical reasoning
• APPEAL TO CONSEQUENCES


  denying the conclusion in fear of the

  unpleasant consequence
• BANDWAGON


  validity of the conclusion based on the majority
• APPEAL TO PERSON (AD HOMINEM)


  attacking the person instead of the ideas
• APPEAL TO AUTHORITY


  the author is not a legitimate expert on the subject matter; asserting your own expertise
• ANONYMOUS AUTHORITY


  the authority of the author is unspecified
• HASTY GENERALIZATION


  insufficient evidence for a generalization
• FALSE OR WEAK ANALOGY


  assuming that two concepts that are similar in some ways are also similar in other ways
• ACCIDENT


  applying a rule to a situation where there should be an exception
• POST HOC


  jumping to the conclusion that event A is the cause of event B just because it precedes it
• WRONG DIRECTION


  reverse in direction between cause and effect
• COMPLEX CAUSE


  reducing multiple causes of an event to one
• IRRELEVANT CONCLUSION


  the argument which is supposed to prove something concludes something else instead
• STRAW MAN


  the position of the opposition is twisted so that it is easier to refute
• AFFIRMING THE CONSEQUENT


  if argument A is true then argument B is true
• DENYING THE ANTECEDENT


  if argument A is not true so is argument B
• INCONSISTENCY


  the arguments contradict one another
• EDITORIAL


  an article that presents the newspaper's opinion on an issue; usually unsigned
• INTERPRET


  explanation
• CRITICIZE


  problem
• PERSUADE


  solution
• PRAISE


  recognition
• REASONING


  giving statements for justification
• EVALUATIVE STATEMENTS


  the writer’s way of explaining why a strength is a strength and a weakness a weakness based on gathered evidences
• TWO STEPS IN COMPOSING EVALUATIVE STATEMENTS

  • assertion
  • counterclaim
• HEDGE


  minimizes the negative impact of a criticism