midterm readings

• Velasquez-19


  Ingroup identification
• Two dimensions of ingroup identification


  • Group self definition
  • Group self investment
• Group self definition


  Depersonalized sense of self where group characteristics emerge as part of the definition of self and manifests as a person's sense of similarity to some standardized group prototype
• Group self investment


  Pro-attitudinal selective exposure to media content
• Collective efficacy


  Can your group get it done/ do you believe you can get it done
• Found a positive association between group definition and social media political expression (SMPE)


  Sense of belonging and a bond with other members of the group and is made evident by how much individuals perceive their group membership as a core part of who they are and the positive distinction derived from belonging to the group
• Three sub components of group self investment


  • Satisfaction
  • Solidarity
  • Centrality
• All items significantly correlated
• H1a and H1b predicted a positive association between selective self exposure and SMPE for both latino culture and immigration respectively
• RQ4, self-investment shows no such indirect relationship to either topic
• Gives some misleading information
• Acts like the divide is two clearly divided group
• Acts like the gap is difficult to bridge
• Acts like the gap is about absolute inequalities
• Most inequalities are of a relative kind
• Acts like the gaps are static (they're always changing)
• Types of Access

  • Material
  • Motivational
  • Skills
  • Usage
• Information is considered a primary good
• The minimum amount of information required is seen as hard to achieve
• Examples: illiteracy and digital illiteracy
• Increasing role of relative differences in possessing and controlling information in an information society
• Information has become a source of productivity and power
• Information can be considered a positional good
• Information can be scarce in particular circumstances
• Some positions in society create better opportunities than others in gathering, processing, and using valuable information
• Nascent Network Society


  • The positions people have in social and media networks determine their potential power
  • Individuals that are very much included due to a central position in a social/media network (information elites) increase their power, capital and resources
• Information as a source of skills
• The skills premium of having ICT skills is one of the main causes of increasing income inequality in the countries of study
• It lacks theory
• Has remained at a descriptive level
• The deeper social, cultural, and psychological causes behind the inequality of access have not been addressed so far
• Networked Counterpublics


  • Unify counter narratives
  • Legitimize and sustain marginalized communities
  • Explicitly and strategically seek to challenge the dominant knowledge inherent to the mainstream public sphere
• Counter power


  Type of power that challenges the power embedded in the institutions of society for the purpose of claiming representation for their own values and interests
• Citizen journalism


  Reduced coordination costs
• Haberma's The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (1989) represents an epicenter for communication research on the relationship between citizen deliberation, media, and the state
• Crowdsourced elites


  Emergent leaders who are not necessarily, and often time not, traditional elites
• Identifying Elites


  1. Measure popularity using measure of in-degree to identify the most mentioned/ retweeted users in the network

  2. Followed roughly a power law distribution, average in degree of 1.14

  3. Included the 12 highest in-degree nodes for inclusion in our qualitative discourse analysis
• Identifying discursive frames in #myNYPD

  1. Used qualitative discourse analysis to investigate meaning-making within this data

  2. Ability to see how and to what ended crowdsourced elites ideologically used #myNYPD
• The retweet/mention network best characterized as a broadcast network
• Most nodes in the network radiate out from a small number of central nodes