Water/carbon cycles

• Evapotranspiration refers to the combined processes of evaporation (from open bodies of water) and transpiration (by plants).
• Water moves through the hydrologic cycle by evaporation from the ocean or transpiration from plants, condensation into clouds, precipitation onto land or back to the sea, runoff into rivers and lakes, and groundwater recharge.
• The water cycle is the movement of water between the oceans, atmosphere, land surface, and living organisms.
• Carbon is exchanged among these reservoirs via biological uptake during photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, combustion, and fossil fuel burning.
• The carbon cycle involves the movement of carbon between living organisms, the atmosphere, and geological reservoirs such as rocks and sediments.
• The carbon cycle involves the exchange of carbon between different parts of Earth's system, including the biosphere, geosphere, pedosphere, cryosphere, and atmosphere.
• Rainfall occurs when warm air rises and cools, causing water vapor to condense into liquid droplets that fall as rain.
• Photosynthetic organisms take up CO2 from the air and convert it into organic matter using energy from sunlight.
• Natural processes include weathering, erosion, sedimentation, volcanism, and metamorphism, which release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
• Evapotranspiration refers to the combined processes of evaporation (from open bodies of water) and transpiration (through plant leaves).
• Infiltration is the process whereby water enters soil pores and becomes part of the soil moisture content.
• Decomposers break down dead plant material and release CO2 back into the atmosphere through respiration.
• Runoff is the flow of water over the land surface due to gravity.
• Fossil fuels are formed over millions of years by the accumulation of organic matter in sedimentary rock layers.
• The carbon cycle can be divided into three main components: the biogeochemical cycle, which describes the flow of carbon within ecosystems; the atmospheric cycle, which focuses on the exchange of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and other reservoirs; and the anthropogenic component, which considers how humans have altered the carbon cycle through activities like deforestation and fossil fuel use.
• Burning fossil fuels releases large amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming.
• The carbon cycle plays an important role in regulating the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, with changes in this cycle having significant impacts on global climate patterns.
• Human activities like deforestation, agriculture, industrialization, and burning fossil fuels have increased the amount of carbon in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
• Animals consume plants or other animals, incorporating carbon from their food sources into their bodies.
• Plants absorb carbon dioxide through their leaves during photosynthesis, converting it into glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen gas (O2).
• Carbon is released through respiration by all living things, with humans contributing significantly due to their large population size.
• Runoff is the movement of surface water over land or ice surfaces.
• CO2 emissions are increasing at an unprecedented rate, leading to global warming and climate change.
• An ecoystem describes the interreletaionships between living and non living components within a particular environment
• 69% of freshwater is stored as ice

  30% of fresh water is stored as ground water
• 97% of global water is in oceans
• Just over 30% of freshwater is stored in rocks deep below the ground called aquifers
• Aquifers are most commonly form in rocks such as chalk and sandstone which are porous and permeable
• Soils vary enormously in their ability to hold water and moisture known as the soil moisture budget
• Interception water intercepted on leaves on plants

  Overland flow is transfer of water over land

  Infiltration is transfer of water from ground into soil where it may percolate underlying rocks

  Through flow is water flowing through soil

  Percolation water soaking into rocks

  groundwater flow transfer of water slowly through rocks
• Deforestation - removal of trees reduces interception and infiltration,overland flow increases
• Storms - intense rainfall increases the amount of rainfall reaching the ground and increases magnitude of stores
• Climate change - increased temperatures increase evaporation rates and therefore transpiration rates
• Land use changes - urbanisation increases impervious surfaces leading to more runoff
• Land use changes - urbanisation increases impervious surfaces reducing infiltration and increasing runoff
• Evapotranspiration = evaporation + transpiration
• Evapotranspiration - process by which water moves from earth's surface back into atmosphere
• Erosion can be caused by heavy rainfall which removes surface layers of soil
• Wind erosion occurs when there are no vegetative coverings such as grasses or crops
• Transpiration is the loss of water from plants through stomata on leaves