Unit 3: Land- Based Empires (1450-1750)- ap world

• What was the Reformation?


  A religious revolution that took place in the Western church in the 16th century. Its greatest leaders undoubtedly were Martin Luther and John Calvin.
• Who was Martin Luther?


  Martin Luther was a German monk, theologian, and professor who played a key role in the Protestant Reformation, a religious revolution in the 16th century
• What is Martin Luther known for?


  Martin Luther is most known for his Ninety-five Theses, which he is said to have posted on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany, on October 31, 1517. This document is considered a foundational text of the Protestant Reformation. In the Ninety-five Theses, Luther outlined his objections to certain practices of the Roman Catholic Church, particularly the sale of indulgences.
• What are indulgences?


  when one paid to lessen their time in purgatory, and go straight to heaven
• Why was the 95 Theses controversial?


  The Ninety-five Theses challenged the authority of the Pope and questioned the theology behind the sale of indulgences.
• Who was Henry VIII?

  The King of England
• What was Henry VIIIs impact/ what was he known for?


  - Established the Church of England

  -Dissolved the Monasteries

  -Centralized Royal Authority

  -Marital History (not important but 6 wives)

  -Cultural Patronage

  -Religious Legacy
• Who was John Calvin?


  John Calvin (1509-1564) was a French theologian and pastor who played a crucial role in the Protestant Reformation. He is best known for his theological writings and for being a key figure in the development of Reformed theology, which later gave rise to the broader tradition of Calvinism.

  
  

  Calvinism- Are you familiar with Calvinist doctrine? At its heart is the concept of predestination. Calvinists believe that, at the beginning of time, God selected a limited number of souls to grant salvation and there's nothing any individual person can do during their mortal life to alter their eternal fate.
• What was John Calvin's major teaching?


  Predestination which meant that God had chose that some people
• What was John Calvin most known for?


  -"Institutes of the Christian Religion" (most significant work)

  -Doctrine of Predestination

  -Ecclesiastical Reforms in Geneva

  -Spread of Reformed Theology
• What were lasting religious impacts of the Reformation? (long answer)

  -The Reformation led to the establishment of various Protestant denominations (e.g., Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism), contributing to a diverse religious landscape that persists to this day

  
  

  -The idea that all believers have direct access to God and the responsibility to interpret the Bible has had a lasting impact on the structure of Protestant churches, emphasizing individual engagement with faith.

  
  

  -The Catholic Counter-Reformation resulted in lasting changes within the Catholic Church, including clarifications of doctrine, spiritual revitalization, and efforts to address the concerns raised by the Protestant reformers.

  
  

  -The emphasis on the authority of Scripture as the primary source of religious truth continues to be a fundamental tenet of Protestant theology, shaping beliefs and practices across Protestant denomination

  
  

  -The emphasis on salvation by faith alone and by grace alone, without dependence on human works, remains a cornerstone of Protestant soteriology (theology of salvation).
• What was the role of the printing press in the reformation

  Protestants used the printing press to proliferate revolutionary theological material at a popular level. It allowed for the production of many religious writings.
• what countries particpated in the age of exploration


  Portugal, Spain, France and England, Netherlands
• To what extent were the countries participating (Portugal, France, etc) (aka what did they do)


  -Trade and Economic Expansion

  -Colonial Empires

  -Columbian Exchange

  -Cultural Exchange

  -Technological Advances

  -Globalization of Trade

  -Expansion of Christianity

  -Geopolitical Competition

  -Wealth and Power

  -Impact on Indigenous Peoples
• What were joint-stock companies?

  Groups of investors who pooled their money together in the hopes of making more money. They often funded settlers into the New World.
• what was the impact of joint stock companies during the age of exploration


  Joint-stock companies were the key to colonizing the new world. These companies were created to pool the enormous amounts of resources and share the large amount of risk involved in overseas exploration and colonization.
• What was the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade


  The transatlantic slave trade was an oceanic trade in African men, women, and children which lasted from the mid-sixteenth century until the 1860s. European traders loaded African captives at dozens of points on the African coast, from Senegambia to Angola and round the Cape to Mozambique.
• What was the Columbian Exchange?

  The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas.
• What was the impact of Columbian Exchange?

  - New foods and animals were introduced to Europe

  
  

  - Many foods were introduced to the Americas

  
  

  - More food could support more people, so the global population skyrocketed

  
  

  - Sparked migration of millions of people

  
  

  - Diseases spread

  
  

  - Great inflation in Europe (Price revolution)

  
  

  - Capitalism was introduced
• What was the triangle trade?


  The triangular trade was a system of transatlantic trade in the 16th century between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. The trade was of slaves from Africa to America.
• What was china's silver policy


  The Chinese people accumulated silver as wealth, and banks kept their reserves in silver and also balanced interbank accounts in silver.
• what was the impact of china's silver policy


  China hoarded silver to boost its economy and increase its trading power
• Which Chinese dynasty demanded that taxes on trade be paid in silver?


  The Ming Dynasty
• What is the hacienda system?

  A system where the government sells land to people and whoever is on that land works for the land owner. Basically a form of slavery.
• What is the encomienda system?


  the right to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans in a particular area.
• Who is the encomendero?

  In effect, the "encomendero" was a deputy charged by the crown with responsibility for the support of the indigenous people and their moral and religious welfare.
• What was the role of the encomendero?


  The encomendero had the right of collecting the tribute of the Indians entrusted to him, and the duty to see to their welfare, especially to their instruction in the Catholic faith.
• What was mercantilism?


  Mercantilism was an economic theory and practice prevalent in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century. It emphasized government regulation to increase a nation's wealth and power, focusing on accumulating precious metals, maintaining favorable trade balances, colonial expansion, and controlling economic activities to strengthen the state.

  
  

  or

  
  

  Mercantilism is an economic theory that advocates government regulation of international trade to generate wealth and strengthen national power. Merchants and the government work together to reduce the trade deficit and create a trade surplus.
• What was chattel slavery?


  Chattel slavery refers to a system of slavery in which individuals are treated as property, bought and sold as commodities, and are considered the personal possession of the owner with no legal rights or autonomy. In chattel slavery, enslaved people are regarded as movable and inheritable property, similar to other forms of personal property like livestock or goods.
• what was the impact of Spanish colonization on the triangle trade


  Spanish colonization during the Age of Exploration had a significant impact on the Triangle Trade, contributing to the exchange of goods, resources, and people between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

  
  

  Spain's establishment of vast colonies in regions like Mexico and Peru, rich in precious metals, particularly gold and silver, played a crucial role in the global economy. The extraction of these resources influenced the international monetary system and contributed to Spain's economic prosperity.

  
  

  While Spain initially relied on indigenous labor, the mistreatment and diseases led to the introduction of African slaves into Spanish colonies, especially in plantation agriculture and mining. Spanish galleons played a role in transporting goods, including precious metals, across the Atlantic.

  
  

  The cultural exchange between Europe and the Americas, facilitated by Spanish colonization, included the transfer of crops, animals, technologies, and ideas.
• What was the impact of Spanish colonization on the Columbian exchange

  Spanish colonization had a profound impact on the Columbian Exchange, a complex process of biological and cultural interchange between the Old World and the New World.

  
  

  Spanish settlers introduced a variety of Old World crops and livestock, including wheat, barley, grapes, horses, cattle, and pigs, to the Americas. Conversely, they brought New World crops like maize, potatoes, tomatoes, and tobacco back to Europe..

  
  

  However, the unintentional transmission of diseases, particularly smallpox, measles, and influenza from Europe to the Americas, had devastating consequences for Native American populations, leading to widespread epidemics and demographic decline.

  
  

  The discovery of vast silver mines in Spanish colonies, such as Potosí, contributed to global economic changes, fueling inflation in Europe.
• what was the impact of Spanish colonization on the Social Hierarchy


  Spanish colonization had a profound impact on social hierarchy in the Americas, introducing a complex structure that reflected Spanish feudal traditions, indigenous social orders, and the incorporation of African slavery.

  
  

  At the top were the peninsulares, individuals born in Spain, who held the highest positions and enjoyed significant privileges. Creoles, born in the Americas of Spanish descent, occupied a lower but influential position and often clashed with peninsulares. Mestizos and mulattos, of mixed ancestry, held intermediate positions, while the indigenous population faced subjugation and exploitation, subjected to forced labor under systems like encomienda.

  
  

  The introduction of African slavery further stratified the hierarchy, placing Africans and their descendants at the bottom.

  
  

  The encomienda system, initially meant to reward conquistadors, contributed to the decline of indigenous populations. The Spanish colonial social structure reinforced traditional gender roles, although cultural syncretism over time led to variations.

  
  

  Overall, Spanish colonization reshaped social hierarchies, creating a complex and hierarchical society that endured for centuries.
• what was the social hierarchy

  Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Mulattoes, Native Americans and Africans
• What was the impact of Spanish colonization on the Spread of Christianity


  The Spanish Crown, aligned with the Catholic Church, pursued an ambitious mission to convert indigenous populations to Christianity. Spanish missionaries, including Franciscans, Dominicans, and Jesuits, played a crucial role in this endeavor.

  
  

  They established missions and religious institutions, seeking to Christianize indigenous communities. The process often involved the suppression of indigenous religious practices, with Spanish authorities dismantling temples and replacing them with churches.

  
  

  The introduction of Christian teachings, rituals, and iconography reshaped indigenous belief systems and cultural practices. While conversion was sometimes coerced, missionaries also adapted their methods, incorporating indigenous languages and customs to make Christianity more accessible.

  
  

  The spread of Christianity became intertwined with the broader process of cultural assimilation, leaving a lasting imprint on the religious landscape of the Americas. The syncretism that emerged, blending indigenous beliefs with Christian elements, created unique forms of religious expression that continue to endure in various regions today.
• What was the impact of Spanish colonization Dia de las Muertos


  The impact of Spanish colonization on Dia de los Muertos, the Day of the Dead, is profound and evident in the syncretic nature of this unique Mexican celebration. Spanish colonizers integrated indigenous Mesoamerican traditions honoring the dead with Catholic practices, resulting in a distinctive blend of cultural and religious elements. Dia de los Muertos, observed on November 1st and 2nd, aligns with the Catholic All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day, showcasing the integration of pre-colonial and Christian beliefs. The creation of altars (ofrendas) adorned with candles, marigolds, photographs, and favorite items of the deceased reflects a harmonious coexistence of indigenous and Catholic symbolism. The tradition of visiting cemeteries, cleaning and decorating graves, combines Catholic mourning practices with indigenous reverence for the deceased. Skulls (calaveras), a prominent symbol, encapsulate both indigenous views on death and the Christian acknowledgment of life's transience. Over time, Dia de los Muertos has gained acceptance from the Catholic Church, illustrating the enduring impact of Spanish colonization on the cultural fabric of this vibrant and deeply meaningful Mexican celebration.
• What was the impact of Spanish colonization on Casta paintings


  Spanish colonization significantly influenced Casta paintings, a genre that emerged in the 18th-century Spanish American colonies. Reflecting the intricate racial and social hierarchies established by colonization, Casta paintings depicted individuals of various mixed-race backgrounds and served as a visual representation of the complex caste system. This artistic genre categorized people based on their ancestry, highlighting distinctions between groups such as mestizos and mulattos. The paintings were a tool for social control, reinforcing the notion of a fixed social order where European ancestry was deemed superior. Influenced by European artistic conventions, particularly the Spanish Baroque style, Casta paintings were simultaneously unique in subject matter, providing insights into daily life and interactions in the colonies. They became a symbol of colonial identity and visually documented the enforcement of miscegenation laws that regulated interracial relationships. Over time, the paintings evolved to reflect the fluidity of racial categories as racial mixing continued, offering a visual record of the multicultural and multiracial nature of colonial society. Casta paintings remain a testament to the lasting impact of Spanish colonization on the visual representation of social hierarchies in the Americas.
• What was cultural syncretism


  mixed culture, very diverse, music variety, food variety, language variety, and religion variety (Part of Parallel Trajectory)
• Who was De Las Casas and what did he do?


  early Spanish historian and Dominican missionary who was the first to expose the oppression of indigenous peoples by Europeans in the Americas and to call for the abolition of slavery there
• What did De Las Casas say about Spanish colonialism and the solution that he offered?


  Bartolomé de las Casas, a Dominican friar during the era of Spanish colonialism in the Americas, vehemently criticized the brutal treatment of indigenous populations by Spanish colonizers. In his seminal work, "A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies," he detailed the atrocities inflicted upon Native Americans, condemning the violence, forced labor, and exploitation. To address these grave issues, de las Casas proposed the "Peaceful Proposal" or "New Laws." His recommendations included the abolition of the encomienda system, which he viewed as exploitative, and the introduction of African labor as an alternative to ease the burden on indigenous populations. He also advocated for the establishment of a system of justices to protect the rights of indigenous people and emphasized their freedom, dignity, and right to own property. While some aspects of his proposals were implemented, they faced resistance from Spanish colonizers, and the overall impact on colonial practices was nuanced. Nevertheless, de las Casas's early advocacy for the rights of indigenous peoples marked him as a key figure in the history of colonial Latin America.
• With de la casas Explain the role of the Catholic Church in colonial Latin Americ


  In colonial Latin America, the Catholic Church played a multifaceted role as a dominant religious, social, and political institution. At the forefront of the European encounter with the Americas, the Church embarked on a mission of evangelization, sending missionaries to convert indigenous populations to Catholicism. This endeavor, however, often resulted in cultural syncretism, as indigenous beliefs and practices blended with Christian traditions. The Church established schools, orphanages, and hospitals, contributing significantly to education and social services in the colonies. Despite these positive contributions, tensions arose over the encomienda system, where the Church grappled with conflicting interests. Figures like Bartolomé de las Casas emerged, advocating for the protection of indigenous rights and condemning the exploitation and forced labor imposed by Spanish colonizers. While some within the Church defended indigenous populations, others were complicit in the economic benefits derived from colonial practices. Thus, the Catholic Church in colonial Latin America was a complex institution, simultaneously involved in cultural preservation, education, and social welfare while grappling with internal conflicts over its role in colonial administration and the treatment of indigenous peoples.