BIO flashcards

• In which type of cell would you find a cell wall, chloroplasts and a vacuole?


  plant cell
• What does an animal cell have?


  - cytoplasm

  - nucleus

  - ribosomes

  - cell membrane

  - mitochondria
• What does the nucleus do?

  contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell
• What is the cytoplasm?


  gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen. It contains enzymes which control these chemical reactions
• What is the cell membrane


  holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out
• What happens in the mitochondria?


  these are where most of the reactions for respiration take place. Respiration releases energy that the cell needs to work
• What happens in the ribosomes?

  these are where proteins are made in the cell
• What does a bacterial cell NOT have?

  a nucleus- genetic material floats in the cytoplasm
• What is a yeast cell an example of?

  a single cell organism
• What does a yeast cell have?


  - nucleus

  - cytoplasm

  - cell membrane

  - surrounding cell wall
• How is a leaf cell different from a yeast cell?


  leaf cells have chloroplasts and a cellulose cell wall. yeast cells have neither
• What is the definition of diffusion?


  the SPREADING OUT of PARTICLES from an area of HIGH CONCENTRATION to an area of LOW CONCENTRATION

  or

  the NET MOVEMENT of PARTICLES down a CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
• What substances can diffuse through cell membranes?

  small molecules like oxygen, glucose, amino acids and water
• What substances can't diffuse through cell membranes?

  big molecules like starch and proteins
• What are some examples of diffusion?


  - the diffusion of oxygen into the cells of the body from the bloodstream as the cells are respiring (and using up oxygen)

  
  

  - the diffusion of carbon dioxide into actively photosynthesising plant cells

  
  

  - the diffusion of simple sugars and amino acids for the gut through cell membranes
• When, and in which direction, will diffusion take place in solutions and in gases?


  - if two solutions are separated by a cell membrane, particles will move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

  
  

  - gases will also diffuse through the air from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentrationSee an expert-written answer!We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
• How is a leaf cell adapted to carry out photosynthesis?


  - the leaf has mesophyll tissue

  - the mesophyll cells contain chloroplasts which can photosynthesise
• How are palisade cells adapted for photosynthesis?


  - packed will chloroplasts for photosynthesis

  - tall shape means a lot of surface area exposed down the side for absorbing carbon dioxide from the air in the leaf

  - they are grouped together at the top of the leaf so that they can absorb more sunlight
• How are red blood cells adapted to carry oxygen?


  - concave shape gives a big surface area for absorbing oxygen. it also helps them pass smoothly through capillaries to reach body cells

  - packed with haemoglobin which absorbs oxygen

  - they have no nucleus to leave even more room for haemoglobin
• How are sperm cells adapted for swimming to the egg?

  - streamlined head and flagella to help it swim to the egg

  - there are a lot of mitochondria in the cell to provide the energy needed

  - carry enzymes in their heads to digest through the egg cell membrane
• If a cell has many mitochondria...


  it must need a lot of energy, e.g. muscle cell, sperm cell
• If a cell has many ribosomes...


  it is making a lot of protein, e.g. gland cells which produce enzymes
• If a cell has flagella..

  it must be able to move, e.g. sperm cells
• What is the process by which cells become specialised?

  differentiation
• What is meant by the term differentiation of cells?


  - when cells start to divide they are very similar

  - as the tissues develop the cells change to form particular function
• What is a tissue?


  a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function
• What sort of tissue can you find in mammals?


  - Epithelial tissue: covers some parts of the body, e.g. the inside and outside of the gut

  
  

  - Muscular tissue: contracts to move whatever its attached to

  
  

  - Glandular tissue: makes and secretes chemicals like hormones and enzymes
• What is an organ?


  a group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function, e.g. stomach
• What tissues are the stomach made up of and what are their purposes?


  - Epithelial tissue: covers the inside and outside of the stomach

  
  

  - Muscular tissue: contracts the stomach wall to churn up the food

  
  

  - Glandular tissue: produces digestive juices to digest food
• What is an organ system?

  a group of organs working together to perform a particular function, e.g. the digestive system breaks down food
• What organs does the digestive system include?


  - glands

  - the stomach

  - the liver

  - the small intestine

  -the large intestine
• What two glands produce digestive juices?

  pancreas and salivary glands
• what does both the stomach and small intestine do?

  digest food
• What does the liver do?

  produces bile
• What does the small intestine do?


  absorbs soluble food molecules
• What does the large intestine do?

  absorbs water from undigested food leaving faeces
• Describe in detail what happens to food as it passes through the digestive system?

  - the insoluble food is mixed with digestive juices produces by glands

  - it is digested in the stomach and small intestine

  - bile produced by the liver is added to the food to help digestion

  - absorption of the soluble food takes place in the small intestine

  - water is absorbed by the large intestineSee an expert-written answer!We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
• What are the plant organs?

  stems, leaves and roots
• What are the tissues found in plants?


  -Mesophyll tissue- where most of the photosynthesis occurs in the plant

  
  

  - Xylem and Phloem- transport things like water, mineral ions and sucrose around the plant

  
  

  - Epidermal tissue- this covers the whole plant
• What is photosynthesis?


  the process that produces 'food' in plants and algae. the 'food' it produces is glucose