PR2

• Approaches

  • Grounded Theory
  • Ethnography
  • Narrative
  • Case Study
  • Phenomenology
• Grounded Theory


  Aims to produce a general theory surrounding a social issue
• Grounded Theory Unit of Analysis


  Views of sampling participants (20-60) about a specific phenomenon or incident
• Grounded Theory Data Collection

  • Interviews
  • Focus Group Discussion
  • Observation
• Ethnography


  Aims to understand and describe the culture of a community or group of people
• Ethnography Unit of Analysis

  Group of people on their natural setting (social or cultural groups)
• Ethnography Data Collection

  • Non-Participant Observation
  • Immersion
  • Interview
• Narrative


  Aims to interpret the narratives and experiences of a study group
• Narrative Unit of Analysis

  Small samples of participants (one or more)
• Narrative Data Collection


  • Interviews
  • Analysis of written documents
  • Coding
• Case Study


  Aims to develop an in-depth investigation about a person, group, community or institution
• Case Study Unit of Analysis


  Small samples of participants (one or more)
• Case Study Data Collection

  • Observation
  • Interviews
  • Historical documentation
• Phenomenology


  Aims to understand the nature or essence of the participants' lived experiences
• Phenomenology Unit of Analysis


  Several people who shared the same experience
• Phenomenology Data Collection

  • In-depth interviews
  • Observation
  • Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
• Data Collection Techniques

  • Interview
  • observation
  • participant-observation
  • focus group discussion
• Practical Research

  • surveys
  • secondary research
• Interview


  A qualitative research method that relies on asking questions in order to collect data
• Types of Interviews

  • Structured
  • Unstructured
  • Semi-Structured
• Structured Interview


  Much like questionnaires, same questions, same order for each subject, close-ended, yes or no multiple choice
• Unstructured Interview

  Most flexible type, open-ended, questions can differ per subject and depend on the previous answers thus making it spontaneous
• Semi-Structured Interview

  Mix of structured and unstructured, often open-ended, allowing flexibility but predetermined, giving a sense of order, the interviewer has a general plan about their question, it does not follow a particular phrasing or order
• Focus Group Interviews


  Brings together a group of participants to answer questions on a topic of interest on a moderate setting, usually qualitative in nature, often study the group's dynamics and body language in addition to their answer, can provide more subtle and unfiltered feedback than individual interviews, easier to organize than experiments or large surveys
• Example Questions for Structured Interview


  • Do you like dogs? Yes or No?
  • Do you think of them as: beautiful; cute; jolly; faithful
• Example Questions for Unstructured Interview


  • What do you feel about dogs?
  • When you think more deeply about this, what experiences would you say your feelings are rooted in?
• Example Questions for Semi-Structured Interview


  • Do you like dogs? Yes or No
  • If yes, what do you like about them
  • If no, what don't you like about them
• Example Questions for Focus Group Interview


  • Think about your childhood and tell me about a dog that is very vivid in your memories. It doesn't have to be your own, just the first one that comes to mind.
• Observation


  A qualitative research data collection method in which researchers observe and record behaviors, actions, or events in their natural setting, commonly used for gathering data about human behaviors, interactions, or phenomena without direct intervention
• Types of Observation

  • Overt
  • Covert
  • Direct
  • Indirect
• Overt Observation


  Everyone knows that they are being observed, susceptible to Hawthorne effect which means that people usually perform better when they know that they are being observed
• Covert Observation


  No one knows that they are being observed and the observer is concealed, participants are more likely to behave naturally when they do not know they are being observed
• Direct Observation


  Watch interactions, processes, or behaviors as they occur
• Indirect Observation


  Watch the results of interactions, processes, or behaviors
• Participant-Observation


  A qualitative research method in which a researcher observes members of the group in a community being researched and participates with them in their activities, its main purpose is to gain an insider perspective on the topic being studied
• Types of Participant-Observation

  • Complete Participation
  • Moderate Participation
  • Active Participation
  • Passive Participation
• Complete Participation


  Researcher is already a member of the community or group they're studying about
• Moderate Participation


  Researchers maintain balance between insider and outsider perspectives
• Active Participation


  Researchers thrive to fully embrace group practices to deepen understanding
• Passive Participation


  Researcher is primarily a bystander