Geography key terms

• Traction is when large boulders and pebbles are rolled along the sea bed
• Suspension is when fine material such as clay and sediment is carried by the sea
• Solution is when dissolved minerals are carried by the sea
• Saltation is when small stones and pebbles roll along the sea bed
• Relief is the shape of the land
• Strata means layers of rock
• Dip means the angles at which rock strata lies
• Fault lines occur where two blocks of rocks have moved past one another, creating fractures or breaks in the earth's crust.
• A fold occurs when two fault lines meet to create an area of folded rock that has been pushed upwards or downwards.
• Volcanic eruptions can be explosive (ejecting ash into the atmosphere) or effusive (lava flows slowly)
• Shield volcanoes are broad and gently sloping with low-viscosity lava that flows easily.
• The Earth's core consists of three main parts: the inner core (solid iron and nickel), outer core (liquid iron and nickel), and mantle (rocky material).
• Composite volcanoes are steep sided and cone shaped with high viscosity lava that is thicker and more sticky.
• Hot spots are areas of intense heat beneath the Earth’s crust that cause magma to rise towards the surface.
• Plate tectonics refers to the movement of large plates of the Earth's crust over time.
• Convection currents are caused by heat from the Earth's core rising towards the surface and then sinking back down again.
• P-waves are primary waves that move faster than S-waves because they compress and expand particles as they pass through them.
• Convergent boundaries occur when two plates move towards one another, resulting in subduction zones where one plate dives under the other.
• Transform boundaries occur when two plates slide past each other horizontally, causing earthquakes but not volcanic activity.
• Divergent boundaries form when two plates move away from each other, creating new ocean floor at mid-ocean ridges.
• Sedimentary rocks form when sediments are deposited and compacted together.
• S-waves are secondary waves that travel slower than P-waves because they vibrate particles sideways rather than up and down.
• The Ring of Fire is an area around the Pacific Ocean where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur due to converging tectonic plates.
• The lithosphere is the rigid outer layer of the Earth made up of the crust and uppermost mantle.
• The asthenosphere is the lower part of the lithosphere that can flow slowly due to its partially molten state.
• Igneous rocks form when molten rock cools and solidifies.
• Metamorphic rocks form when existing rocks change due to pressure or temperature changes.
• An epicenter is the point directly above the focus of an earthquake.
• Holderness coastline stretches 60km
• 20 villages have been lost in holderness to the sea
• Mapletown is where erosion has been worst along holderness coastline
• a storm surge is caused by sea level rise on top of normal tide
• Storm surges are caused by the high winds and low pressure systems
• isostatic means land level change compared to sea levels due to volcanoes or ice ages
• Sub aerial processes are weathering and mass movement
• A concordant coastline runs parallel to the sea with bands of soft and hard rock
• A tombolo is a bar of sand or shingle joining an island to the mainland.
• A spit is a long narrow piece of land that is formed when a river widens and deposits sediment
• intergrated coastal zone management is when the coast is managed as a whole rather than individual towns and villages
• an estuary is where freshwater from rivers mixes with salt water from the sea