Act 14: Vertebrates Protective and Support System

• 2 system for protection and support in invertebrates: integumentary system and skeletal system.
• Integumetary system is composed of skin and its exoskeletal derivatives.
• Skin - protective layer over the surface of the body.
• Skin may also function for thermoregulation, respiration, communication, and vitamin synthesis.
• Exoskeletal derivatives can be feathers, nails, hair, and claws.
• Skeleton is an internal supporting system of hardened, rigid, and segmented entirely cellular bones.
• Bones together with connective tissue fibers like tendons and ligaments make up the skeletal system.
• Skeletal system also protects organs and provides attachment leverage for muscles.
• Vertebrate skeleton is divided into 2 main division:

  • Axial - skull, hyoid apparatus, spinal cord, sternum (breastbone)
  • Appendicular - limb bones, bone in hands, pelvic, pectoral girdle.
• Lumbar - back
• Cervical - neck
• Thoracic - chest
• Sacral - pelvic
• Caudal - fin
• Bones may be classified accdg. to their shape:

  • Long bone consist of shaft and two extremities.
• Diaphysis - shaft, compact bone and hollowed out to form medullary canal.
• Bone marrow - manufactures cells found in the blood.
• Epiphyses - spongy bone with thin coating of compact bone.
• Bones classified accdng to shape:

  • Short bone - irregularly shaped and generally spongy
• Short bone - wrist
• Long bone - arms and leg
• Flat bone - bones in the skull
• Irregular bone - vertebrae
• Bones classified accdg to shape:

  • Flat bone - expanded into broad and elongated plates
• Bones classified accdg. to shape:

  • Irregular bone - large and irregular shape
• Fixed bones - non movable joined to each other in skull and pelvic girdle
• movable bones - bones w/ articular surfaces and joints that can move
• ball and socket joints - bone connection that allows rotation
• hinge joints - allow defined movements as in the elbows and knees
• Spongy bone - has large cavities and more slender intervening the body partitions; interior of the bone
• Compact bone - has fewer spaces; exterior to the bone
• Toad - Rhinella marina
• Parotoid glands - salivary glands that are located on the sides of the mouth that releases poisonous excretions.
• Stratum corneum - cornifie dead squamous cells that later shed off
• Stratum germinativum - cuboidal cells
• Stratum spongiosum - outer spongy portion with loose connective tissue
• Stratum compactum - inner compact bed of crossed connective tissue
• Hypodermis - loose connective tissue and adipose tissue
• Adipocytes - fat cells
• Carapace - dorsal half of the turtle shell