Respiratory System

• Aerobic Respiration Formula


  Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy(ATP)
• Some energy is during Respiration is released as heat energy
• Aerobic Respiration is only possible when Oxygen is present
• Anaerobic Respiration Formula


  Glucose --> Lactic Acid + Energy
• Advantages of Anaerobic Respiration


  • Can release a short burst of energy when needed
• Disadvantages of Anaerobic Respiration


  • Lactic acid produced is harmful for the body
  • Doesn't produce a lot of energy
• Anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration because less energy is produced due to the Glucose not being broken down completely
• Anaerobic respiration causes an oxygen depth


  Which must be repayed causing heavy breathing
• Function of Respiratory System:

  •Gas exchange - Oxygen in, Carbon Dioxide out.
• Parts of Respiratory System:

  •Nasal cavity

  •Trachea

  •Ribs

  •Intercostal muscles

  •Bronchus

  •Bronchiole

  •Lungs

  •Heart
• Inspiration:

  1. Intercostal muscles contract. Rib cage moves up and out.
  2. Diagram contracts, moves down and flattens.
  3. Volume of thorax increases.
  4. Pressure in thorax decreases.
  5. Lungs inflate and draw air into the lungs.
• Expiration:

  1. Intercostal muscles relax.
  2. Diaphragm relaxes and domes up.
  3. Volume of thorax decreases.
  4. Pressure inside thorax increases.
  5. Air pushed out of the lungs.
• Bell Jar Model Positives:

  •Approximately the same shape

  •Inflates and deflates

  •Domed up position matches position during expiration

  •The windpipe is a wide tube conducting air
• Bell Jar Model Negatives:

  •Has no muscles attaches to

  'ribs'

  •Cannot move up/down and in/out

  •Pulls down further than flat

  •Has to be manually pushed and pulled

  •Trachea is held open
• The alveoli are respiratory surfaces of the lungs. Oxygen diffuses across the wall of the alveoli as well as carbon-Dioxide.
• Adaptions of Alveoli for Gas Exchange:

  1. Good blood supply
  2. Large surface area
  3. Thin walls
  4. Moist lining
• Inspired Air:

  •Oxygen 21%

  •Carbon Dioxide 0.04%

  •Water Vapour (varies)

  •Nitrogen 79%
• Expired Air:

  • Oxygen 16%

  • Carbon Dioxide 4%

  •Water Vapour (Saturated)

  •Nitrogen 79%
• Tracheal cells produce mucus which trap dust and bacteria in the air.
• Cilia move mucus out the lungs to the back of the throat where it is swallowed and bacteria are killed.
• Effects of Smoking:

  •Smoke and tobacco paralyses cilia in trachea and bronchi

  •Smoke clogs up mucus causing a build up

  •Tar contains carcinogens which cause cancer

  •Carbon Monoxide reduces oxygen carrying capacity

  •Nicotine increases heart rate and blood pressure
• Smoking related diseases:

  -Lung Cancer

  -Emphysema; damges walls of the aveoli