Chp 9

• Altruism


  helping without any offer or expectation of benefit or reward
• Prosocial Behavior


  intentionally helping others knowing there is a reward after
• Empathy


  the capacity to be able to experience others emotional states, feel sympathetic toward them, and take their perspective
• Social Exchange Theory


  all interactions are transactions and something is exchanged
• Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis


  suggests prosocial acts are motivated by the desire to help someone in need
• Negative State Relief Model


  people who help others are motivated to get out of their negative state/feelings
• Social Norms


  the idea we help because we are supposed to
• Genetic Determinism Model


  helping is adaptive when we have shared genes (family member)
• Empathic Joy Hypothesis


  suggests helping stems from positive reactions recipients show when being helped
• Competitive Altruism


  people who help to boost their own reputation or status
• Kin Selection Theory


  suggests that we help others who are related to us because this increases the likelihood that our genes will be transmitted to future generations
• Defensive Helping


  help given to members of outgroups to reduce the threat they pose to the status of one's own ingroup
• Diffusion of Responsibility


  the more bystanders present as witnesses to an emergency, the less likely each of them is to provide help and the greater the delay before help occurs
• Pluralistic Ignorance


  The tendency for an individual surrounded by a group of strangers to refrain from acting because they are acting inconsistently with what they are thinking (group stupidity)