anatomy

• Regions of the spine

  • Cervical spine
  • Thoracic spine
  • Lumbar spine
  • Sacrum and coccyx
• Muscles of the back

  • Superficial muscles of the back
  • Deep muscles of the back
• Parts of the thoracic wall

  • Sternum
  • Ribs
  • Costovertebral joints
• Parts of the lungs

  • Trachea
  • Bronchial tree and alveoli
• Regions of the upper limb

  • Arm
  • Elbow
  • Forearm
  • Wrist
  • Shoulder
  • Ring finger
  • Radial foveola
  • Posterior region of wrist
  • Posterior region of forearm
  • Posterior region of elbow
  • Posterior region of arm
  • Metacarpal region
  • Medial border of forearm
  • Little finger
  • Lateral border of forearm
  • Hypothenar eminence
  • Hand
  • Dorsum of hand
  • Dorsal surfaces of fingers
  • Thumb
  • Thenar eminence
  • Palmar surfaces of fingers
  • Palm of hand
  • Middle finger
  • Medial bicipital groove
  • Lateral bicipital groove
  • Index finger
  • Deltoid region
  • Axillary region
  • Anterior region of wrist
  • Anterior region of forearm
  • Anterior region of elbow
  • Anterior region of arm
• Clavicle


  An S-shaped long bone that connects the upper limb to the trunk resting horizontally between the sternum and the acromion of the scapula
• Parts of the clavicle


  • Sternal (medial) end
  • Shaft
  • Acromial (lateral) end
• Bony landmarks of the clavicle


  • Trapezoid line
  • Conoid tubercle
  • Groove for subclavius muscle
  • Impression for costoclavicular ligament
• Joints of the clavicle


  • Sternoclavicular joint - between sternal end of clavicle and manubrium of sternum
  • Acromioclavicular joint - between acromial end of clavicle and acromion of scapula
• Function of the clavicle


  • Attachment of upper limb to trunk as part of 'shoulder girdle'
  • Protection of underlying neurovascular structures supplying upper limb
  • Force transmission from upper limb to axial skeleton
• Humerus


  A long bone that comprises the bony framework of the arm
• Scapula


  A flat bone of the pectoral girdle
• Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint


  The most mobile joint of the body, formed by the articulation between the humerus and scapula
• Bony landmarks of the humerus

  • Head
  • Anatomical neck
  • Surgical neck
  • Greater tubercle
  • Lesser tubercle
  • Intertubercular sulcus
  • Deltoid tuberosity
  • Anterior border
  • Medial border
  • Anteromedial surface
  • Anterolateral surface
  • Medial supracondylar ridge
  • Lateral supracondylar ridge
  • Medial epicondyle
  • Lateral epicondyle
  • Trochlea
  • Capitulum
  • Radial fossa
  • Coronoid fossa
  • Condyle
• Humerus


  • Proximal end: Head, anatomical neck, surgical neck, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, intertubercular sulcus (crest of greater tubercle, crest of lesser tubercle)
  • Body: Surfaces (anteromedial, anterolateral, posterior), Borders (anterior, lateral, posterior), Landmarks (lateral supracondylar ridge, medial supracondylar ridge, radial groove, supracondylar process)
  • Distal end: Lateral epicondyle, Medial epicondyle (groove for ulnar nerve), Condyle of humerus (capitulum, trochlea, olecranon fossa, coronoid fossa, radial fossa)
• Scapula


  • Surfaces: Costal surface (subscapular fossa), Posterior surface (spine of scapula, deltoid tubercle, spinoglenoid notch, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, acromion)
  • Borders: Medial border, Lateral border, Superior border (scapular notch, coracoid process)
  • Angles: Superior angle, Inferior angle, Lateral angle (glenoid fossa, supraglenoid tubercle, infraglenoid tubercle, neck of scapula)
• Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint


  Synovial ball-and-socket joint where the head of the humerus (ball) articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula (socket)
• Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint


  • Articular surfaces: Glenoid fossa of scapula, Head of humerus
  • Ligaments: Superior glenohumeral, middle glenohumeral, inferior glenohumeral, coracohumeral, transverse humeral
  • Important muscles: Rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis)
  • Functions: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, external rotation, internal rotation, circumduction
• Muscles of the arm and shoulder


  • Muscles of the shoulder (scapulohumeral muscles): Deltoid, teres major, rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis)
  • Muscles of the arm (anterior compartment: flexors, posterior compartment: extensors): Coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis, triceps brachii, anconeus
• Deltoid muscle

  Origin: Clavicular part (lateral third of clavicle), Acromial part (acromion of scapula), Spinal part (spine of scapula)

  Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

  Innervation: Axillary nerve (C5-C6)

  Function: Shoulder joint - arm flexion, arm internal rotation (clavicular part), arm abduction (acromial part), arm extension, arm lateral rotation (spinal part)
• Teres major muscle


  Origin: Inferior angle and lower part of lateral border of scapula

  Insertion: Crest of lesser tubercle of humerus (medial lip of intertubercular sulcus)

  Innervation: Lower subscapular or thoracodorsal nerves (C5-C7)

  Function: Shoulder joint - arm internal rotation, arm extension, arm adduction
• Coracobrachialis muscle


  Origin: Coracoid process of scapula

  Insertion: Anteromedial surface of humeral shaft

  Innervation: Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6)

  Function: Shoulder joint - arm flexion, arm adduction
• Biceps brachii muscle


  Origin: Long head (supraglenoid tubercle of scapula), Short head (coracoid process of scapula)

  Insertion: Radial tuberosity of radius

  Function: Elbow joint - forearm flexion and supination; Shoulder joint - weak arm flexion
• Deltoid


  • Clavicular part: lateral third of clavicle
  • Acromial part: acromion of scapula
  • Spinal part: spine of scapula
• Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

  Insertion of deltoid
• Axillary nerve (C5-C6)


  Innervation of deltoid
• Deltoid


  • Shoulder joint: arm flexion, arm internal rotation (clavicular part), arm abduction (acromial part), arm extension, arm lateral rotation (spinal part)
• Teres major


  • Origin: Inferior angle and lower part of lateral border of scapula
  • Insertion: Crest of lesser tubercle of humerus (a.k.a. Medial lip of intertubercular sulcus)
• Lower subscapular or thoracodorsal nerves (C5-C7)

  Innervation of teres major
• Teres major


  • Shoulder joint: arm internal rotation, arm extension, arm adduction
• Coracobrachialis


  • Origin: Coracoid process of scapula
  • Insertion: Anteromedial surface of humeral shaft
• Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6)


  Innervation of coracobrachialis
• Coracobrachialis


  • Shoulder joint: arm flexion, arm adduction
• Biceps brachii


  • Long head: Origin - supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
  • Short head: Origin - coracoid process of scapula
  • Insertion: Radial tuberosity of radius
• Biceps brachii


  • Elbow joint: forearm flexion and supination
  • Shoulder joint: weak arm flexion
• Brachialis


  • Origin: Distal half of anterior surface of humerus
  • Insertion: Ulnar tuberosity, Coronoid process of ulna
• Musculocutaneous nerve, Radial nerve (C5–C7)

  Innervation of brachialis
• Brachialis


  • Elbow joint: forearm flexion (in all positions)
• Triceps brachii


  • Long head: Origin - infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
  • Lateral head: Origin - posterior surface of humerus (superior to radial groove)
  • Medial head: Origin - posterior surface of humerus (inferior to radial groove)
  • Insertion: Olecranon of ulna and fascia of forearm
• Radial nerve (C6–C8)


  Innervation of triceps brachii