B3

• What are the 4 types of pathogens?

  • bacteria
  • virus
  • protist
  • fungi
• What are pathogens?

  Microorganisms that enter the body and cause diseases
• What do pathogens cause?

  Communicable diseases that are easily spread
• What are bacteria?

  Small cells that reproduce rapidly in your body
• How do bacteria cells make you feel poorly?

  They produce toxins that damage your cells and tissues
• What are viruses?

  Tiny pathogens that reproduce rapidly
• How do viruses make you poorly?

  The viruses replicate themselves inside of your cells using cell machinery to produce many copies. eventually the cell bursts and all viruses are released into your body, this damage make you ill
• What are protists?

  Single celled eukaryotes
• What can some protists be?

  Parasites that live on or inside an organism which causes damage
• What shapes do fungi come in?

  • single celled
  • bodies made up of hyphae
• What can the fungi’s hyphae do?

  Grow and penetrate human skin or the surface of plants causing disease which can spread through the pores produced
• How can pathogens be spread?

  • water
  • air
  • direct contact
• State 3 viral diseases

  • HIV
  • measles
  • tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
• How is measles spread?

  Through the droplets of an infected person’s cough or sneeze
• What is the first stage of drug testing?

  The test on human cells and tissues in the lab
• What is the second stage of drug testing?

  Testing drugs on live animals to find out efficacy and toxicity to figure out the best dosage. Two live mammals must be tested on.
• What is the third stage of drug testing

  • test on healthy volunteers
  • test on people with illness
  • double blind trial
• What is a double blind trial?

  Neither the patient nor doctor knows who has the new drug and who has the placebo
• What do painkillers do?

  • relieve pain
  • reduce symptoms
• What do antibiotics do?

  Kill bacteria
• What happens if bacteria mutate?

  They become resistant to an antibiotic
• How do you slow down the rate of resistant strains?

  • Doctors should avoid overprescribing
  • patients should finish the whole course
• What was aspirin developed from?

  Willow bark
• What was digitalis developed from?

  Foxglove
• What was penicillin developed from?

  Penicillin mold
• Who discovered penicillin?

  Alexander Fleming
• How do antibodies fight diseases?

  White Blood Cells produce antibodies when they come across foreign antigens. The antibodies lock onto them so other white blood cells can rapidly produce more antibodies to kill disease.
• How do vaccines work?

  A dead or inactive pathogen is injected into your body so antibodies can be produced. This means any live pathogens that may appear are rapidly killed as the antibodies have already been created.
• Give 2 advantages of a vaccine

  • they control lots of communicable diseases
  • epidemics can be prevented
• Give 2 disadvantages of a vaccine

  • They don’t always work
  • some patients can have bad reactions
• What are the symptoms of measles?

  • High fever
  • red skin rash
• How to prevent the spread of measles?

  Vaccination in young children
• How is HIV spread?

  Sexual contact or exchanging bodily fluids
• What are the symptoms of HIV?

  Flu-like symptoms
• How can the spread of HIV be controlled?

  Antiretroviral drugs for the first few years
• What is TMV?

  Leaves on plants becoming discoloured with a mosaic pattern causing prevention of photosynthesis
• How can TMV be controlled?

  • removing affected leaves
  • destroying pests
• What is an example of a protist disease?

  Malaria
• What causes malaria?

  Mosquitoes feeding on an infected animal and infecting another person or animal by feeding on it
• What are symptoms of malaria?

  • high fevers in repeating episodes