Paper 1

• The nucleus contains the genetic material (DNA) which controls all cellular activity.
• Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
• Vacuoles store water, waste products, and pigments.
• Cell differentiation- is the process of cells becoming specialized to complete a specific function.
• Diffusion- The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
• Mitosis- the process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells from a single parent cell
• Osmosis- the diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane
• Stem cell- unspecialised cells that can divide to produce more cells of the same type
• Asexual reproduction- produces genetically identical offspring, no fusion of gametes required
• Antibiotics- kills bacterial infections
• Vaccination- provide protection against specific diseases by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies
• Bacteria- prokaryotic cells, no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles
• Fungi- are eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophic and reproduce asexually
• Protists- parasites that live in or on other organisms.
• Parasites- organisms that live on or in another organism and derive nutrition from it
• The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, such as a muscle cell.
• An organ is a collection of tissues that work together to carry out a particular function.
• A tissue is a group of similar cells working together to perform a specific task.
• Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions.
• Hormones- chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to target cells and cause them to respond
• Photosynthesis symbol equation- 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Photosynthesis word equation- Carbon Dioxide+ Water ->Glucose+ Oxygen
• Eukaryotic- Cells with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
• Prokaryotic- no nucleus and no membrane bound organelles
• Red blood cells have no nucleus and no mitochondria. They have a large surface area to carry oxygen around the body
• The cell wall is made up of cellulose, which gives it strength and support
• Ribosomes make proteins using amino acids
• Cellular respiration - The breakdown of glucose molecules into smaller units that can be used as an immediate source of energy or stored as glycogen or fat
• Anaerobic Respiration - A type of cellular respiration that occurs without oxygen present
• Mitochondria are responsible for aerobic respiration, where glucose is broken down to produce ATP.
• Concentration gradient - The difference in the concentration of a substance between two places
• Organelle - A specialized structure found in a cell that performs a specific function
• The cell cycle - series of stages preparing the cell for division
• Aorta - the main artery that takes oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body
• Artery - A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
• Capillary - very thin blood vessel that is used for exchange of substances
• Enzymes - biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms
• Protease - an enzyme produced in the stomach or pancreas that breaks down proteins into amino acids
• Pulmonary artery - carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
• Pulmonary vein - carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart