frog

• Neurocranium or braincase


  Houses the brain and sense organs
• Regions of the neurocranium


  • Sphenoidal region
  • Occipital region
  • Otic region
  • Ethmoid region
• Bones of the upper jaw (maxillary arch)


  • Maxillae
  • Premaxillae
  • Quadratojugals

  
• Bones of the lower jaw (mandibular arch)


  • Mentomeckelian or mental bone
  • Angulosplenial

  
• Hyoid apparatus


  Flat structure embedded in floor of the buccal cavity
• Vertebral column


  • Series of short bones known as vertebrae, of which there are ten in frog
  • Contains an opening, the vertebral foramen that forms a tunnel, the vertebral canal
  • On the lateral side are series of openings, the intervertebral foramina

  
• Parts of a vertebra


  • Centrum
  • Transverse process
• Types of vertebrae


  • Cervical vertebra
  • Trunk vertebrae
  • Sacral vertebra
  • Caudal vertebra
• Pelvic girdle


  • Braces the hind part of the trunk
  • Has a concavity at the center, the acetabulum

  
• Bones of the pelvic girdle


  • Ilium
  • Ischium
  • Pubis

  
• Pectoral girdle


  • Each half of the girle is joined by a median strip of cartilage called epicoracoid
• Bones of the pectoral girdle


  • Suprascapula
  • Scapula
  • Coracoid

  
• Sternum


  Protects the soft organ found in the breast region
• Bones of the forelimb


  • Humerus
  • Radio-ulna
  • Carpals
  • Metacarpals
  • Phalanges

  
• Bones of the hindlimb


  • Femur
  • Tibio-fibula
  • Tarsals
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges

  
• Involuntary or smooth muscles


  • Arise from loose embryonic cells called mesenchyme
  • Occur in the walls of digestive tract, ducts, and blood vessels
• Voluntary or striated muscles


  • Arise from myotomes or muscle plates
  • Attached to skeletons
• Parts of a muscle


  • Tendon
  • Aponeurosis
  • Belly
  • Origin
  • Insertion
  • Head
  • Slips
• Functions of muscle


  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Adduction
  • Abduction
  • Elevation
  • Depression
  • Pronation
  • Supination
  • Constriction
  • Dilation
• Linea alba


  Divides the abdominal and chest muscles into pairs
• Inscriptiones tendinae


  Short transverse lines that segment the linea alba at intervals
• Ventral muscles of the head and trunk


  • Mylohyoid
  • Pectoralis
  • Rectus abdominis
  • External oblique
• Ventral muscles of the forelimb and hindlimb


  • Deltoideus
  • Triceps brachii
  • Triceps femoris
  • Sartorius
  • Gracilis major and minor
  • Adductor magnus and longus
  • Tibialis anticus
  • Tibialis posticus
  • Gastrocnemius
• Buccal cavity


  • Also termed as oral or mouth cavity
  • Serves as a receiving chamber of food and as a ventilation chamber for the lungs
• Parts of the buccal cavity


  • Tongue
  • Pharynx
  • Laryngeal prominence
  • Glottis
• Regions of the alimentary canal


  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine or rectum
  • Cloaca
  • Anus
• Liver


  Large, reddish-brown lobed organ that produces and secretes green bile
• Gall bladder


  Receives green bile secreted by the liver
• Pancreas


  Oblong, creamy white or yellowish structure that secretes pancreatic juice
• Circulatory system


  • Responsible for transporting useful materials to where they are needed and metabolic wastes to where the body can get rid of them
  • Describes the pathways of the circulating fluids and explains the importance of an efficient transport system to keep the organism alive
• Functions of the circulatory system


  • Gas transport
  • Transport other nutrients to cells
  • Transport other wastes from cells
  • Transport hormones
  • Contains cells that fight infection
  • Helps stabilize the pH and ionic concentration of the body fluids
  • Helps maintain body temperature by transporting heat
• Phases of the cardiac cycle


  • Systole
  • Diastole
• Chambers of the heart


  • Two atria
  • Single ventricle
  • Conus arteriosus
  • Sinus venosus
• Pulmonary circulation


  Happens in the right side of the heart when the heart pumps the blood from the heart to the lungs
• Systemic circulation


  Pathway where oxygen-rich blood flows into the left side of the heart and is pumped to the rest of the body
• Veins converging into the sinus venosus


  • Right and left anterior vena cavae or precaval veins
  • Posterior vena cava or post caval vein
• Branches of the precaval vein


  • External jugular vein
  • Innominate vein
  • Subclavian vein
• Branches of the postcaval vein


  • Renal veins
  • Spermatic or ovarian veins
  • Hepatic veins
• Branches of the hepatic portal vein


  • Gastric vein
  • Intestinal vein
  • Splenic vein
  • Pancreatic vein
• Renal portal vein


  Large vein running along the lateral side of each kidney