Cultural Variations

• Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg found secure attachment type was the most common across all cultures.
• Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg conducted a meta analysis of 32 studies.
• They studied Western countries such as the USA, the UK and Germany.
• They studied Eastern countries such as China, Israel and Japan.
• It involved 1990 children.
• They found 75% of children were secure in Britain and 50% in China.
• They found 36% of children were classified as insecure-avoidant in Germany.
• 3% of children were insecure-resistant in the UK and 30% of children were in Israel.
• They also found a 1.5 x greater variation of

  attachment types within cultures than between cultures.
• In the USA one study found 46%

  securely attached compared to another with a sample as high as 90%.