foreign policy

• 1485 truce with France= good relationships and alliance, gave H money
• 1485 truce with France= good relationships and alliance, gave H money and 3 year truce
• 1486 truce with Scotland= 3 years, showed Henry's power as no treaty since 1328, secure northern border
• 1487 treaty with HRE= alliance not to go to war, Henry develop strength before war and gave England standing
• 1488 Breton Crisis= controversy as did H: Help Brittany as they helped H when he came to power and before and would protect the channel or help France as stronger and have alliance, H does not want to go to war with France
• 1489 treaty of Redon= H sent 6000 men, troops sent in 1492 at end of campaigning season
• 1492 treaty of Etaples= no aid to English rebels, given £5000 annually/ 5% of annual income, pay expenses for Brittany
• 1495 league of Venice= H not initially invited in 1495 but invited in 1496, not bound to go to war with France however shows changing position in Europe
• 1496 Magnus intercursus= ended embargo of English merchants selling goods in Phillip's land except Flanders without paying tolls= good treaty
• 1489 treaty of medina del campo= H marry Catherine of Aragon, Catherine's dowry paid of £40,000, Spain not help English rebels, help each other with war with France
• 1497 treaty of Ayton= 7 year peace treaty, stopped support for Warbeck, however border raids continued and James grew army to invade, James marry Henry's daughter Margaret
• 1501 Marriage of Author to Catharine= threat of Warbeck postponed it and strong relationship with better trade to spain
• 1503 marriage of Margaret to James 4= strong alliance and weakened auld alliance (from 1295), recognise dynasty yet border raids continued
• 1506 malus intercursus= trade with Burgundy free, no duties on English cloth, not exclude English cloth from his land, too favourable and reversed in 1507
• 1506 restoration with Spain= Isabella dies, Castille goes to Joanna and Phillip of B, Ferdinand ends up with Castille and builds link to France, H tries to create anti-Spain league but fails
• 1508 league of Cambrai= England excluded, another anti-Venice league, later years foreign policy failed, England isolated
• England and France traditional enemies, Henry invaded France in 1492 however the King of France, Charles, more interested in Italy so signed Treaty of Etaples.
• Italy was weak and divided into different states
• aims: avoid war (war costly after WOR, henry focused on national security, did not want war with any powerful country and wanted ally), national security (came to throne through usurpation so create enemies, wanted to create a Tudor dynasty), secure the dynasty, maintain trade links, gain allies, reduce claimants to the throne.
• Spain: strengthened link with trade, common link of enemy with France, Spain powerful and rich country
• Peace with Scotland in 1493-1502 secured, auld alliance with France since 1295. regency ruling in Scotland less friendly to Henry, James 4 took throne in 1495 and very hostile to Henry, war scrapped as James had to support. Henry had good relations with the earl of Agnus, leader of Scottish nobility
• trade ban on Burgundy when they helped out Warbeck
• Italian states, like Venice, imposed high taxes on English ships trying to trade in Mediterranean
• England was not allowed in spains new world
• Navigation acts of 1485-6 limited foreign control of English trade. Spain initially retaliated but in the longer term duties were fixed at a low rate.
• income from trade increased from £33,000 to £40,000 1485-1509