CCTA

Cards (42)

  • Cardiac CT

    Studies of the heart and coronary arteries require dedicated CT acquisition technique in order to produce images free of motion artifact
  • Cardiac CT

    • CM administration must be carefully monitored to ensure optimal enhancement
    • Challenges: coronary arteries are of relatively small caliber, tortuous in shape and rapid motion
  • MDCT technology

    1. Heart rate management by the administration of beta-blockers
    2. Cardiac gating
  • Pharmacologic heart rate control
    • Many institutions use β-blockers as part of their protocols
    • β-blockers are used to lower the heart rate to less than 60-65 bpm and to make the rhythm more regular
    • The negative chronotropic and dromotropic effect of the β-blockers lengthen the diastolic phase in the cardiac cycle
  • To avoid complications, guideline should be followed when β-blockers are considered
  • Protocols for β-blockers

    • Oral
    • IV
    • Combination
  • β-blockers

    • Metoprolol tartarate
    • acebutolol
    • atenolol
    • betaxolol
    • bisoprolol
    • esmolol
  • Effects of oral dose
    Seen within 1 hour of administration
  • Effects of IV dose
    1. 10 mins after administration
  • Contraindications for β-blockers

    • Sinus bradycardia
    • Systolic blood pressure <100 mmHg
    • Allergy to the medications
    • Decompensated cardiac failure
    • Asthma treated with β-agonist inhaler
    • Active bronchospasm
    • 2nd or 3rd degree of AV block
  • The decision to give β-blockers and the dosage to be given should be made by a physician and is beyond the scope of the CT technologist
  • Some institutions also give GTN sublingually at 0.3-0.4 mg immediately prior to CCTA to dilate vessels to improve visualization
  • GTN administration helps to prevent coronary spasm that can mimic stenosis on the CT image
  • ECG-gating

    To minimize cardiac motion artifact
  • Most CCTA protocols use images acquired during the point of cardiac cycle with the lowest cardiac motion
  • Prospective ECG-gating
    Also known as step-and-shoot/sequential scanning. This method seeks to identify the area of lowest cardiac motion and acquire images only in those portions of the cardiac cycle
  • Retrospective ECG-gating

    Acquires images throughout the cardiac cycle while the patient's ECG is recorded. Images are later reconstructed to create image sets at any desired phase of the cardiac cycle
  • To understand the method of ECG gating, a basic understanding of the ECG tracing is necessary
  • Prospective ECG-gating CCTA
    1. Use a signal, usually derived from the R-wave of the patient's ECG, to trigger image acquisition
    2. A delay between the R-wave and scan initiation can be selected by the technologist
    3. Using this trigger, and the preprogrammed delay, a scan is acquired during a finite portion of R-R interval
    4. The table is then move to the next position, and the procedure is repeated until the entire area of interest is covered
  • Prospective ECG-gating CCTA
    • Dramatic reduction of radiation dose
    • Type of gating is very sensitive to cardiac motion artifacts and image misregistration especially in patient with irregular HR
  • Retrospective ECG-gating CCTA
    1. Acquires helical mode data acquisition throughout the cardiac cycle
    2. Using the ECG-tracings that are required with the scan acquisition, images are reconstructed in specified portions of the cardiac cycle
    3. In general, the reconstruction phase is performed at 60% to 75% of the cardiac cycle
  • Axial image reconstructions

    Often referred to as the 'source images' because these images are used to create 3D and other image model
  • Retrospective ECG-gating CCTA
    • High radiation dose to patient
  • Methods to reduce radiation dose in Retrospective ECG-gating CCTA

    1. Reduce kVp setting
    2. Tube current modulation (ECG)
  • Contrast administration
    • Standard screening for CM contraindications
    • IV line is placed using a large-lumen (20 G or larger) flexible cannula in a vein of sufficient diameter to accommodate high injection rate
    • A LOCM or IOCM, non-ionic agent with [iodine] of 300-400 mg/ml with an injection rate of 3-6 ml/s
    • Volume 70-150 depending on the scan protocol, scanner type and the patient's weight
  • Target enhancement

    Typically in the range of 200-300 HU depending on specific indications
  • Accurate timing for CM administration
    Essential. Attempts to set at 20 s for all patients have been unsuccessful. The delay time use must be patient specific
  • Optimal time for CM administration

    Can be calculated for each patient using either timing bolus or bolus tracking
  • ROI monitoring
    • Ascending aorta for coronary arteries (120 HU)
    • Left atrium for pulmonary veins
  • CM is immediately followed by a saline solution bolus

    • Make use of the wasted CM present in the IV tubing and arm vein
    • Allows more homogeneous opacification throughout the examination where more uniform HU from the top of the aorta to the base of the heart
    • Reduces streak artifact over the SVC
  • Breath-hold

    • It is very important that the patient suspend respiration during scan acquisition
    • Breathing during the scan will result in motion artifacts
    • Careful breath-hold instruction should be given to the patient before the scan begins; moderate inspiration is most frequently used
  • CT coronary calcium screening
    • Calcification is a marker of CAD
    • Patient with CAD may exhibit with no symptoms of the disease
    • In many patients, myocardial infarction is the first sign of CAD
    • The goal of calcium scoring is to determine the location and extent of calcified plaque in the coronary arteries
  • CT can predict the likelihood of subsequent cardiovascular events in people with no symptoms
  • CT coronary calcium screening is frequently performed as a screening study for patients with risk factor for CAD but no clinical symptoms
  • Calcium score

    The amount of calcification on cardiac CT is expressed as a calcium score
  • Negative examination
    Shows no calcification within the coronary arteries and suggests that atherosclerotic plaque is minimal and that the chance of CAD developing during the next 2-5 years is low
  • Positive test

    Means that CAD is present, regardless of whether or not the patient is experiencing any symptoms
  • Methods of scoring

    • Agatston Score
    • Calcium volume score
    • Absolute calcium mass measurement
  • A 4-detector row CT with a 0.5-second GRT is the minimal equipment requirement for a coronary calcium score measurement
  • Imaging of coronary calcifications

    1. Performed using a low-dose technique without contrast enhancement
    2. The scan time is short as possible to avoid artifacts from cardiac motion and breathing
    3. Either step-and-shoot or helical acquisition mode can be used
    4. The patient is supine and the scan extends from the mid-level of the left pulmonary artery down to the diaphragm