SCIENCE

• Gas Pressure is described as a force acting on a specific area.

  
  

  Pressure (P) = Force/Area
• Volume


  Is the three-dimensional space occupied by a gas.
• Temperature 


  measure of the warmth or coldness of a body

  measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object
• Quantity 


  measured in moles (mol) • 1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 units of a substance
• Who created Boyle's law

  Robert Boyle (1627-1691)
• Boyle's Law

  pressure is INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL to the volume at constant temperature. • When volume increases, pressure decreases. When volume decreases, pressure increases.
• Application of Boyle's Law

  Action of Syringe

  Bringing a bags of chips
• Who created Charles Law?

  Jacques Charles (1746-1823)
• Biomolecules 


  any molecules that are produced by a living organism, including large macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids.
• Carbohydrates 


  most common biomolecule primary energy source of our body Formula: (CH2O), where n is the number of molecules
• Carbohydrates

  monosaccharides

  C-H-O Classifications:

  1. Monosaccharides

  2. Disaccharides

  3. Polysaccharides
• Monosaccharides 


  Simple sugars (C6H12O6) Glucose in blood Glucose (blood sugar) Fructose (fruit sugar) Galactose (found in milk with glucose)
• Disaccharides 


  Double sugars (C12H22O11) Maltose (malt sugar) Lactose (milk sugar) Sucrose (table sugar) Glucose + Fructose
• Polysaccharides 


  Complex sugars (C6H10O5)n where n is the number of carbon atoms 1. Starch 2. Glycogen 3. Cellulose 4. Chitin
• Starch 


  Used for energy storage in plants They provide a quick form of energy for the body
• Glycogen


  Used for energy storage in animals When the body doesn't need glucose for energy, it stores it in the liver and muscles in the form of glycogen.
• Cellulose 


  Found in plants, in cell walls and bark of trees Gives us fiber
• Chitin 


  Forms the exoskeleton of certain insects and crustaceans
• TESTS for CARBOHYDRATES 


  Iodine Test for Starch Benedict's Test
• Iodine Test 


  test used to determine the presence of starch in materials A positive result for the iodine test: color change ranging from violet to black; a negative result: yellow color (no change) of the iodine solution.
• Benedict's Test


  test used for simple carbohydrates.
• Protein


  Body-building molecules which help us grow Transport molecules in and out of the cell Control the speed of chemical reactions Used for growth and repair Building blocks: amino acids
• Protein

  General formula: RCH(NH2)COOH. R is a side chain, usually an amino acid • Elements: C-H-O-N

  albumin

  hemoglobin
• Test for Protein


  Biuret Test
• Biuret Test 


  a chemical test used to determine the presence of a peptide bond (chemical bond between amino acids) in a substance.
• Nucleic Acid 


  these biomolecules are not necessarily from food Building blocks: nucleotides Elements: C-H-O-N-P
• Lipids 


  Are also energy-giving molecules, but they are more commonly referred as the stored-energy molecules They store more energy than carbohydrates and proteins. Building block: fatty acids General formula: CH3(CH2)COOH
• Lipids


  Steroids, cholesterol, fats, oils, nuts, waxes They are hydrophobic and do not dissolve in water Saturated Unsaturated
• Test for Lipids


  Ethanol Emulsion Test
• Ethanol Emulsion 


  Ethanol is added to the sample.
• Chemical Reaction 


  is a process in which the properties of the original substance change into new substances with different physical and
• Reactant 


  enter a chemical reaction
• Product 


  produced in a chemical reaction
• Law of Conservation of Mass 


  Matter is neither created nor destroyed. In any chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants must be equal to the total mass of the products.
• Evidences 


  1. Change of Color 2. Formation of gas 3. Temperature change 4. Change in smell 5. Formation of precipitate