2.4

• Carpetbaggers


  Northern republicans came to South to provide government assistance for own profit in land of opportunity
• Scalawags


  Democrats express opposition to slavery, plater aristocracy joining local Republican parties

  -South supporting Reconstruction
• Black Codes 


  opposition to reconstruction, adopted gradually

  -vagrancy laws: unemployed =arrest

  -disproportionate: punishment: death penalty enforced/poll tax/literacy tests imposed regularly (only on blacks)

  -Grandfather Clause: excluded if relatives were slaves

  *Forerunner of JIM CROW legislation
• Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

  ideal of 'Lost Cause' (ignore slavery)

  -demonstrated Southerns would not simply divide along class lines (race over class divisions)

  KKK: white cause, racist, violent, intimidation factor

  -restrict progress made by Af Am (enforce codes) voting

  -pres Grant used legislature (KKK Act), Military
• Grants Reconstruction Policies


  didnt attempt much (non-active pres era)

  -problems in focusing on violence connected to preventing Af Am from voting + Repub not UNITED on attitude to KKK

  ELECTORAL POLITICS: elected at declining enthusiasm

  TASKS:

  -promote passage 15th Am (Force Acts +14th) encode/enforce equal protection for Af Am (even in political office)

  -opposed high violent anti-black groups, KKK (military action)

  -Freedmens Bureau allowed to lapse 1872

  -intervention to support Republican candidates in CORRUPT elections
• Issues


  Moderate republicans argued job of reconstruction was COMPLETE

  -Union was secure

  -slavery was finished

  -rules in place to ensure African Americans had rights

  -Amnesty Act, 1872: ensured former confederates now had right to stand for election again
• Civil Rights Act of 1875


  would have enabled grant to prevent violent SUPRESSION of black vote

  -intended to outlaw segregation

  -deemed as unconstitutional 1883; grant doubted ability to enforce
• Election of 1872: Hayes v Tilden


  election of 1872: showed republican party no longer united

  -185/369 electoral college votes needed to win

  Samuel J Tilden: 184 (short of 1)18 states; Hayes: 165, 17 states

  3 undetermined southern states

  -allegations of violence directed at black, republican voters and fraud

  awarded votes to Hayes, election was tie, disputed vote in OREGON

  -therefore win, but went to Congress to be certified w Democrat majority = refuse
• Compromise of 1877


  COMMISSION Cong/SC: 7 Repub/Dem +neutral SC justice, David Davis (withdrew) replaced by Repub SC justice = Hayes won

  Compromise: Hayes promised to withdraw federal troops from South

  -appoint Southerner to cabinet

  -move funds to improve RR in South

  KEPT PROMISES = END of reconstruction