unit 5 broski

• Gregor Mendel


  Father of Genetics
• Effects of mutations


  • Positive
  • Negative
  • Neutral-nothing happens
  • All of these
• Biological sex of offspring


  Determined by the Father (XY)
• Traits controlled by multiple alleles in humans


  • Sickle cell anemia
  • Hemophilia
  • Pea Plant height
  • Blood types
• Down syndrome

  Each body cell will have 47 chromosomes
• Nondisjunction


  Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate, which can lead to an abnormal number of chromosomes
• Substitution mutation


  Could change 1 amino acid or be silent
• Frameshift mutation


  Addition or deletion. Will shift entire sequence
• Examples of polygenic traits


  • Hair color
  • Eye color
  • Height
• Incomplete dominance


  When offspring have a phenotype that is a blend/mix of the parent's phenotype
• Huntington's Disease


  Genetic disorder that causes the gradual deterioration of brain tissue in middle age. Autosomal Dominant inheritance pattern.
• Sickle Cell Anemia


  Genetic disorder that causes red blood cells to change shape and as a result impair blood flow causing organ damage. Autosomal Recessive inheritance pattern.
• PKU


  Genetic disorder that lacks the ability to breakdown the amino acid phenylalanine. Autosomal Recessive inheritance pattern.
• Sex-linked genetic disorders


  • Hemophilia
  • Color-blindness
• Genetic diseases could be the result of both genetic and Environmental influences.
• Homozygous


  Two of the same alleles. AA or aa
• Heterozygous


  Two different alleles. Aa
• Genotype


  The genetic, inheritable information of an organism
• Phenotype

  The outward or physical appearance of an organism
• Restriction enzymes


  The type of Biomolecule used to cut DNA into smaller pieces
• Recombinant DNA


  An organism's DNA with added foreign DNA
• Sticky ends


  When a restriction enzyme cuts the DNA and leaves unmatched base pairs, the fragments are said to have
• Selective breeding


  Humans crossing two organisms to breed for a specific trait
• Pros of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)


  • Farmers can keep costs down by making plants resistant to disease
  • Less expensive food for the consumer
• Cons of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)


  • May cause antibiotic resistance
  • Could affect food web in a negative way
• Transgenic organisms


  • Insect resistant corn
  • Salmon that grow very quickly due to an added gene
• Sex-Linked traits


  Only females are carriers
• Both parents are carriers for cystic fibrosis


  25% chance they will have a child that develops this disease
• Carrier woman marries a hemophiliac man and have a daughter

  25% probability that she will have hemophilia
• Gel Electrophoresis/DNA fingerprinting


  Biotechnology method used to determine paternity
• Genotypes in pedigree for hemophilia


  • Individual III-2: Xay
  • Individual II-4: XAY
• Individual I-1 and individual III-5

  Grandmother and grandson
• Inheritance patterns


  • Codominance
  • Multiple alleles
  • Sex-Linked
  • Incomplete dominance
  • Polygenic
• mRNA: AUG AUC UCG UAA

  Amino acid sequence: MET ILE SER STOP
• Mutation: AUG AUC UCG UAA -> AUG AUC UGC GUA A


  Type of mutation: Insertion
• Mutated mRNA: AUG AUC UGC GUA A


  Resulting amino acid sequence: MET ILE CYS VAL
• Genotypic ratio from heterozygous x heterozygous cross (Mendelian pure dominance)

  1 AA, 2Aa, 1aa
• Biotechnology vocabulary


  • Human Genome Project: Sequence/order the genes on human DNA
  • PCR: A machine used to make copies of DNA quickly. Can use this machine to copy individual gene too!
  • Cloning: To make copies of cells, organs, tissues, and even entire organisms
  • DNA Fingerprinting: Used to solve paternity of a child or to solve crimes