unit 1 review

• The time period for unit one is Circa 1200 to 1450
• State


  A territory that is politically organized under a single government
• The folks in charge call themselves The Song Dynasty and they were in power from 960 to 1279
• How the Song Dynasty maintained and justified its rule


  • Emphasizing Confucianism
  • Expansion of the Imperial bureaucracy
• Neo-Confucianism


  A revival of Confucian thought with some changes, including reducing the influence of Buddhism
• Confucian hierarchy


  Society is structured with prescribed orders and roles, where those below defer to those above
• Filial piety


  The necessity and virtue of children obeying and honouring their parents and ancestors
• Position of women in Song China


  • Stripped of legal rights, social restrictions including foot binding
• Civil service examination


  Used to select bureaucratic officials based on merit rather than connections
• The kingdoms of Korea, Japan and Vietnam were influenced by Chinese traditions during the Song Dynasty
• Four Noble Truths of Buddhism

  Life is suffering, we suffer because we crave, we see suffering when we cease craving, living a moral life according to the Eightfold Path can cease craving
• Taravada Buddhism


  Confined the practice of Buddhism to monks and monasteries
• Mahayana Buddhism


  Encouraged broader participation in Buddhist practices, with Bodhisattvas aiming to help others attain enlightenment
• Economic developments in Song China


  • Commercialization, innovations in agriculture like Champa rice, innovations in transportation like the Grand Canal
• Dar al-Islam


  The regions where Islamic faith was the organizing principle of civilizations
• The Abbasid caliphate was ethnically Arab, but was later replaced by Turkic Muslim empires like the Seljuk Empire
• Practices continued by Turkic Muslim empires

  • Military administration, establishment of Sharia law
• Muslim scholars preserved and advanced Greek philosophy and mathematics
• Expansion of Muslim rule in this period


  • Military expansion, trade by Muslim merchants, missionary activities of Sufis
• In South and Southeast Asia, the three main competing belief systems were Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam
• Local beliefs is why Islam spread so easily, much of the conversion that occurred in South Asia was the result of Sufi missionary
• Main religions that vied for dominance in South and Southeast Asia


  • Hinduism
  • Buddhism
  • Islam
• By 1200, Buddhists in South Asia were mainly reduced to monastic communities in the North in Nepal and Tibet
• Hinduism remained the most widespread religion in India, but Islam became the second most important and influential religion in the region with the establishment of the Delhi sultanate
• Bhakti movement


  Innovation on traditional polytheistic Hinduism, with emphasis on devotion to one of the Hindu gods
• In Southeast Asia, it was mainly Buddhism and Islam that were competing for dominance
• The Muslim Delhi sultanate had difficulty holding on to rule and imposing a total Muslim state upon the majority Hindu population in India
• Rajput Kingdom


  • Collection of rival and warring Hindu kingdoms that existed before Muslim rule in Northern India, able to keep Muslim rule at bay
• Vijayanagara Empire


  • Established in 1336 as a counterpoint to Muslim rule in the north
• The majapahit kingdom in Southeast Asia was a powerful Buddhist kingdom that maintained influence through controlling sea trade routes
• The Khmer Empire in Southeast Asia was founded as a Hindu kingdom but later converted to Buddhism, as seen in the structure of Angkor Wat
• By 1200, the majority of the population in the Americas lived in two major centers of civilization: Mesoamerica and the Andean civilization
• Aztec Empire


  • Founded in 1345, had an aggressive program of expansion and an elaborate system of tribute states
• Inca Empire


  • More intrusive in the lives of conquered people, with a rigid bureaucratic hierarchy and a labor tribute system
• Mississippian culture


  • First large-scale civilization in North America, focused on agriculture and known for their monumental mounds
• Swahili Civilization


  • Series of independent city-states along the East African coast, influenced by Muslim traders and becoming Islamic
• West African Empires (Ghana, Mali, Songhai)


  • Powerful and highly centralized civilizations driven by trade, with elite members converting to Islam
• House of Kingdoms in West Africa


  • Series of city-states organized around the trans-Saharan trade, not as centralized as the West African Empires
• Great Zimbabwe


  • Powerful African state that grew wealthy through trade, maintaining indigenous shamanistic religion
• Kingdom of Ethiopia


  • Christian state in Africa, with a hierarchical power structure similar to other African states