Module 16

• Immunology 


  It is the scientific study of the immune system and immune responses.
• B lymphocytes (B cells), T lymphocytes (T cells), and natural killer cells (NK cells)


  Three lines of lymphocytes are derived from lymphoid stem cells of bone marrow
• Humoral immunity 


  Where special glycoproteincalled antibodies are produced by B cells to destroy specific microbes.
• Cell-mediated immunity 


  It involves a variety of cell types, with antibodies playing only a minor role, if any.
• Acquired immunity 


  It is an immunity that results from the active production or receipt of antibodies during one’s lifetime.
• Active acquired immunity 


  • Antibodies are produced within the person

  • Usually provides long-lasting protection
• Passive acquired immunity 


  • Antibodies are received that were produced by another person(s) or by an animal

  • Usually provides only temporary protection
• Natural active acquired immunity 


  Occurs naturally
• Artificial active acquired immunity 


  Artificially induced
• Vaccine 


  A material that can artificially induce immunity to an infectious disease, usually following injection or ingestion of the vaccine.
• Protective antibodies 


  Vaccines stimulate the recipient’s immune system to produce?
• Natural passive acquired immunity

  Small antibodies, IgG, present in mother’s blood cross the placenta to reach the fetus
• Artificial passive acquired immunity


  Antibodies from an immune person are transferred

  to a susceptible person.
• Antigens


  Foreign organic substances that are large enough to stimulate the production of antibodies.
• Antigenic (or immunogenic)


  Substances capable of stimulating antibodies are said

  to be?
• Antibodies 


  Proteins produced by lymphocytes in response to the presence of an antigen.
• Immunoglobulins 


  Are globular glycoproteins in the blood that participate in immune

  reactions.
• T-dependent antigens


  Majority of cells are referred to as; T cells are required in their processing; the processing of T-independent antigens requires only B cells.
• Plasma cells 


  Are capable of secreting antibodies.
• Primary response


  The initial immune response to an antigen. It takes 10 to 14 days for

  antibodies to be produced.
• Secondary response 


  The increased production of antibodies following the second exposure to a particular antigen is?
• Spleen

  Immune responses to antigens in the blood are usually initiated in the?
• Lymph Nodes

  Responses to microbes and other antigens in tissues are generated in?
• Immunoglobulins

  Antibodies are a class of glycoproteins called?
• Hybridomas

  Long-lived, antibody-producing cells; these are produced by combining a single plasma cell and a rapidly dividing tumor cell.
• Monoclonal antibodies

  Hybridomas are capable of producing large amounts of specific antibodies called?
• Immunodiagnostic procedures


  Monoclonal antibodies are used in?
• Monoclonal antibodies


  Are being evaluated for possible use in fighting diseases, killing tumor cells, boosting the immune system, and preventing organ rejection.
• Antigen–antibody complex (or immune complex)


  What is formed when an antibody combines with an antigen?
• Antigen–antibody complexes


  These are capable of activating the complement cascade.
• Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)


  A complex system of interactions among many types of cells and cellular secretions (cytokines).
• Natural Killer (NK) Cells


  These are a subpopulation of lymphocytes called large granular lymphocytes. They resemble lymphocytes, but lack typical T or B

  cell surface markers.
• Hypersensitivity 


  It refers to an overly sensitive immune system.
• Immediate-type 


  It occurs from within a few minutes to 24 hours after contact with a particular antigen; three types: types I, II, and III hypersensitivity

  reactions.
• Delayed type 


  Usually takes more than 24 hours to manifest themselves. Also known as type IV hypersensitivity reactions.
• Type I hypersensitivity reactions


  Are also known as anaphylactic reactions
• The Allergic Response


  Type I immediate hypersensitivity is probably the most common type of hypersensitivity.
• Atopic persons 


  People prone to allergies
• Allergens


  Antigens that cause allergic reactions
• Mast cell degranulation 


  They result in allergic reactions, such as hay fever symptoms, asthma, and food allergies.