Digestive System

• LADMER

  Liberation

  Absorption

  Distribution

  Metabolism

  Excretion

  Response
• Pharmacokinetics

  • katawan to the drug
• Chol/e : gall, bile
• Col/o : colon or large intestine
• Cyst/o: bladder, sac
• Duoden/o: duodenum
• Emet/o: vomit
• Enter/o: intestine
• Esophag/o: esophagus
• Gastr/o: stomach
• Gingiv/o: gums
• Gloss/o: tongue
• Hepat/o: liver
• Peps/o: digestion
• Rect/o: rectum
• Sigmoid/o: sigmoid colon
• Hollow tube structures of the digestive system form the alimentary canal (Gastrointestinal Track)
• Accessory structures:

  • teeth
  • tongue
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • bile ducts
  • pancreas
• Digestive System is approximately 8 meters in total
• Large intestine is 1.5 meters
• Small intestineis 5.5 to 6.0 meters
• From tongue to duodenum is 0.5 meter
• Nutrients are required for normal body function

  • carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals (basic macromolecules)
  • derived from food
• Goals of digestive system:

  • digest food into smaller molecules
  • absorb smaller molecules into the blood
• Carbohydrates

  • digestion starts in the mouth
  • glucose
• Proteins

  • amino acids
  • digestion starts in the stomach
• Lipids

  • fatty acids
• Vitamins

  • too much Vitamin C can damage your kidneys
• Enzyme in the mouth - salivary amylase
• Flow of carbohydrates in the digestive system

  rice (starch, polysaccharide) breaks down by salivary amylase (found in the saliva and pancreas) into an Oligosaccharide/ Disaccharide further breaks down to monosaccharide (glucose) by α-glucosidase (found in the brush borders of the small intestines
• α-Glucosidase inhibitors

  side effects: constipation/indigestion

  generic name: Acarbose

  brand name: Glucobay
• Mechanical Digestion

  • physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces
  • forms a greater surface area for contact with digestive enzymes
• Chemical Digestion

  • splitting of complex, non-absorbable food molecules into small, absorbable nutrient molecules by hydrolysis
  • enzymes that speed up the reaction and enable digestion to occur
• Anatomy of Oral Cavity

  • hard palate - bony roof
  • soft palate - soft tissue roof
  • uvula - direct where the food goes
• Oral cavity - lined by stratified squamous epithelial tissue
• Anatomy of the Mouth

  • deciduous teeth (milk teeth) are replaced by permanent teeth
  • alveolus
  • periodontal ligaments
• Anatomy of the Mouth

  • tooth structure
  • Crown
  • enamel
  • dentin
  • root
  • pulp cavity
• Names of Deciduous teeth:

  • central incisor
  • lateral incisor
  • canine
  • first molar
  • second molar
• Deciduous teeth: Central Incisor

  • erupts at 6-8 months
  • lost at 5-7 years
• Deciduous teeth: Lateral incisor

  • erupts at 8-11 months
  • lost at 6-8 years