APUSH (Period 7)

• Frontier Thesis


  Idea proposed by Frederick Jackson Turner that the American frontier was closed and the American identity was based on conquering Western lands
• After the 1890 census, Frederick Jackson Turner published his Frontier Thesis where he declared that the American frontier was closed
• With no more frontier in the Continental US, Americans began to look outwards for raw materials and new markets
• Hawaiian coup


  Americans living in Hawaii helped to overthrow the Hawaiian Monarch so the US can Annex Hawaii
• One of the first acts of American imperialism was the Hawaiian coup
• Alfred Mahan


  • American naval officer who argued that a strong Navy was critical for America's growth and power
• Jose jiah Strong


  • Minister who believed it was the duty of Americans to spread their culture and religion throughout the world
• The Spanish-American War demonstrated a significant change in American foreign policy
• Some Americans felt compelled to support Cuba in their independence from Spain, heightened by yellow journalists
• The sinking of the USS Maine in Havana's Harbor, reported as the work of Spanish mines, led Congress to declare war on Spain
• The Treaty of Paris granted America Cuba, Guam, and Puerto Rico, and America also purchased the Philippines
• The Philippine-American War carried on for years after the conflict with Spain ended
• Open Door Policy


  Policy that gave America access to foreign markets in China while also keeping it out of European control
• Roosevelt Corollary


  Expansion of the Monroe Doctrine where Roosevelt argued the US had a right to intervene in Latin American affairs to protect economic interests and maintain stability
• Dollar Diplomacy


  Policy under President Taft that sought to secure order in Latin America through economic means like investment and loans
• Moral Diplomacy


  Policy under President Wilson where the US would try to support governments who emphasize democracy and free trade
• The Progressive Era was a period of social, economic, and political reform in America at the turn of the century
• Muckrakers


  • Lincoln Steffens, Ida Tarbell, Upton Sinclair
• Muckrakers used expose journalism to fight corruption
• Square Deal


  Teddy Roosevelt's focus on consumer protections, controlling corporations, and conservation
• Clayton Antitrust Act


  Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act and limited the power of monopolies
• The 16th Amendment instituted the federal income tax
• Voting reforms


  • Initiative
  • Referendum
  • Recall
  • Secret ballot
• Women played a major role in bringing about reforms, including Carry Nation for temperance and Alice Paul for women's suffrage
• The 19th Amendment finally allowed women the right to vote
• Despite declaring neutrality, the American economy benefited significantly from selling supplies to the Allied Powers during World War I
• America ultimately joined World War I in 1917 after Germany continued using unrestricted submarine warfare on American merchant vessels and the Zimmerman Telegram was released
• During World War I, American liberties were restricted through the Espionage and Sedition Acts
• Wilson's 14 Points were largely ignored in the Treaty of Versailles, except for the League of Nations
• The Senate reservationists, like Henry Cabot Lodge, disagreed with Article X of the Treaty of Versailles which required countries to join the League of Nations
• The NAACP was formed in 1909 by prominent African-American leaders to fight for equality, justice, and rights
• Marcus Garvey supported black nationalism, economic self-sufficiency, and the back-to-Africa movement
• The Great Migration saw millions of African-Americans leave the oppressive Jim Crow South for jobs and freedoms in the North
• The Harlem Renaissance led to artistic expressions of the African-American experience
• A. Philip Randolph threatened to March on Washington DC to protest discrimination in defense industry jobs, forcing FDR to create the Fair Employment Practices Committee
• African-Americans made significant contributions during World War II, both serving in the military and working in industries at home
• The Double V campaign fought for victory abroad over fascism and victory at home for equality
• The 1920s were characterized by rapid economic growth, consumerism, and a Red Scare leading to nativist policies like the quota acts
• Prohibition was a failed social experiment that led to the rise of organized crime
• The 1920s saw changes in women's fashion and social norms, as well as the Scopes Monkey Trial representing the debate between modern values and fundamentalism