evolution

• lamarck was a french naturalist who proposed that organisms change over time through the process of inheritance
• lyell developed the theory of uniformitarianism, which was a significant influence on the formation of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. The theory of uniformitarianism states that the processes by which current geological features were created were slow, steady, and constant.
• Cuvier was a French naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection.
• Darwins theory was that all species evolved from a common ancestor and that all species are related (natural selection)
• Darwin’s hypotheses and explanations for evolution are called the theory of evolution by natural selection
• Lamarck’s explanations for evolution: inheritance of acquired characteristics, inheritance of acquired characteristics, inheritance of acquired characteristics
• Darwin’s explanations for evolution
• Analogous: comparable in certain respects, typically in a way which makes clearer the nature of the things compared
• Homologous: having the same relation, relative position, or structure.
• Mutations are random changes in the DNA sequence of an organism.
• Mutations (Positive and negative) can be beneficial or harmful to the organism.
• Prezygotic isolating mechanisms: geographic isolation, sexual isolation, and behavioral isolation
• Postzygotic isolating mechanisms: 1. Genetic drift 2. Inbreeding 3. Genetic bottleneck
• Allopatric: (of animals or plants, especially of related species or populations) occurring in separate non-overlapping geographical areas.
• Sympatric: (of animals or plant species or populations) occurring within the same or overlapping geographical areas.
• Artificial selection is the process of selecting for a particular characteristic in a population.
• Directional selection is when the allele that is favored by the environment is selected for
• Stabilizing selection is where there are two extremes of an organism's phenotype and the one closest to the optimum is chosen
• Disruptive selection is when both ends of the spectrum are preferred over the middle
• Natural selection is the mechanism through which favorable traits become more common in a population over time due to differential reproduction.
• sexual selection is the process by which individuals with traits that increase their reproductive success are more likely to survive and reproduce
• Adaptive radiation is the process of speciation in which a species evolves into a new species
• Fitness is measured by the number of surviving offspring produced by an individual compared to others in the same population
• Darwinian fitness refers to how many offspring an individual can produce relative to other members of its population
• Darwin’s finches example different species of finch had evolved on different islands, their distinctive beaks being an adaptation to distinct natural habitats or environmental niches.
• Convergent evolution is when species evolve in similar ways due to similar environmental pressures
• Divergent evolution is when two species evolve into different species with different adaptations
• Coevolution is the interaction between two species that results in the evolution of new traits
• Macroevolution is the evolution of large groups of organisms over time.
• Microevolution is the change in allele frequencies in a population over time.
• Gradualism is the idea that evolution occurs through small changes in the genetic makeup of populations over time.
• Punctuated equilibrium is a model of evolution in which species undergo rapid changes in abundance
• Genetic drift is the random change in allele frequencies in a population due to chance
• Genetic bottleneck: A reduction in the gene pool size due to a sudden reduction in the population size.
• Founder effect: The process by which a small number of individuals from a population found a new habitat and established a new population
• Overall order of evolution (names) Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Protista
• Basic understanding of their history, culture, and language is important for the development of a healthy relationship with the patient.
• process of inheritance is the process by which genetic information is passed from one generation to the next
• Analogous is a term used in biology to refer to body parts that have a similar function but differ in structure, such as the wings of a bird and the wings of an airplane
• Homologous refers to body structures or organs that are structurally similar because they evolved from a common ancestor