Peer

• The average age started smoking is 16 years
• Current smokers finish an average of 5 sticks every day
• Among those currently engaged in vices, percentage who want to quit

  • 75% want to stop smoking
  • 48% want to stop vaping
  • 54% want to stop drinking
  • 79% want to stop using drugs
• 32% of male youth have sexual experience
• Median age at first sex: Male youth - 18 years, Female youth - 18 years
• Percentage of youth aged 15-24 who engaged in potentially high-risk sexual activities


  1. Casual sex

  2. Sex with a FUBU

  3. Males who have sex with males (MSM)

  4. 2013

  5. 2021
• Normative Influence


  Conforming to norms to receive rewards and/or avoid punishment
• Informational Influence


  Accepting beliefs and practices based on the information from people who are more knowledgeable and/or experienced about a topic
• Types of Peer Influence

  • Direct Positive
  • Direct Negative
  • Indirect Positive
  • Indirect Negative
• It is inescapable in a risk society; a requirement for the formulation of "life plans" or one's course of life in the future
• Relating to the self

  The self becomes a reflexive project, not fixed, altered in light of new experiences and information, unfolds in a narrative
• Relating to intimate relationships

  Relationships also become reflexive projects, not based on fixed foundations, require efforts, "good until further notice"
• being unsure of one's identity and one's future occupational roles

  Role Confusion
• the capacity to commit himself to concrete affiliations and partnerships

  Intimacy
• the readiness to isolate; to destroy those forces and ppl who essence seems dangerous

  Distantiation
• person who proposed psychosexual theory

  Erik Erikson
• 2 types of influence groups


  Normative influence and Informational influence
• conforming to norms to receive rewards and/or avoid punishment


  Normative influence
• accepting beliefs and practices based on the info from ppl who are more knowledgeable and experienced abt a topic

  Informational influence
• He stated that people are not aware of the full consequences of their choices

  Giddens
• not fixed; a reflexive project


  Self